苏州大学《免疫学》A卷

苏州大学《免疫学》A卷 考试形式 闭卷 院系 ___________ 年级 ____________ 专业 ____________ 学号 ___________ 姓名 ____________ 成绩 ____________ 名词解释 (4’×15＝60) （英文名词请用英文回答） 锚定残基： negative selection 免疫细胞： 抗体分子的类别转换 DC 免疫受体酪氨酸活化基序列 MALT GVHR cytokines Epitope Idiotype Autoimmunity BCR complex 14. MHC TAA 问答题（8’×5＝40） 1. 简述T细胞识别抗原的双信号学说。(英文回答) 2. 试述内源性抗原和外源性抗原的提呈过程。 试述超敏反应的概念、分型和发病机制。 补体活化的经典途径和终末途径，以及终末途径的杀伤机制。 抗体按结构可分为可变区和恒定区，叙述①可变区和恒定区具体的结构②可变区和恒定区各自介导的生物学效应。 苏州大学《免疫学》A卷 参考答案 共 3 页 一、名词解释 锚定残基：与MHC结合成复合物的抗原肽往往带有两个或两个以上和MHC 分子凹槽相结合的特定部位，称锚定位，该位置的氨基酸残基称为锚定残基 (anchor residue)。 Negative selection of T cells: T cells that react strongly to self-antigens on MHC are eliminated. Only those T cells that can react to MHC, but do not bind strongly to self-antigens emerge as mature T cells from the thymus. 免疫细胞：泛指所有参加免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞及其前身，主要包括造血干细胞、淋巴细胞、单核/巨噬细胞及其他抗原递呈细胞、粒细胞、肥大细胞和红细胞等。 抗体分子的类别转换： B细胞所合成的Ig重链的类别由一种（如Igμ）转换为另一种（如Igγ或者Igα）的过程。类别转换不影响抗体分子的抗原特异性。 5. DCs are required by T cell to enable them to respond to antigens. DCs are most important antigen presenting cells known so far and are the interface of innate and adoptive immunity. Functions: Antigen up-taking in peripheral sites & antigen presentation in lymph nodes. 6. ITAM：免疫受体酪氨酸活化基序。免疫细胞活化相关受体胞浆区所共有的以酪氨酸残基为基础的氨基酸序列基序，其特征为：两个酪氨酸残基被大约13个其它氨基酸残基隔开，其中酪氨酸是蛋白激酶磷酸化位点，被磷酸化后能够与信号转导途径下游的信号分子结合，导致细胞的活化。 7. MALT: The majority (50%) of lymphoid tissue in the human body is located within the lining of the major tracts, including respiratory, digestive and genitourinary tracts. This is because these are the main sites of entry for microbes into the body. These are collectively called the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). 8. GVHR: graft versus host reaction. If an immunocompromised host is grafted with foreign immunocompetent lymphoid cells, the immunoreactive T cells in the graft recognize the foreign antigens on the host tissue and cause their damage. GVHR occurs when donor T cells react to host antigens on APCs with sequential activation of donor T cells and monocytes / macrophages causing target organ damage. 9. cytokines: Definition: Cytokines are small molecules, secreted by cells in response to a stimulus. Function: As a group, cytokines induce growth, differentiation, chemotaxis, activation and/or enhanced cytotoxity. They are used for strengthening communications between cells. 10. Epitope: An epitope is the specific site to which a particular immunoglobulin or TCR binds. 11. Idiotype: these are unique antigenic determinants associated with an antigen binding sites of antibodies and are the result of the different amino acid sequences which derermine their specificities. 12. Autoimmunity: Autoimmunity is defined as an acquired immune reactivity against self antigens. This response usually produces antoantibodies and antoreactive T cells. 13. BCR complex: The BCR complex consists of the antigen receptor, Ig, in association with two other polypeptides, Igα and Igβ. Igα and Igβ are signaling molecules for the BCR and are also required for assembly and expression of Ig. 14. MHC: The major histocompatibility complex. Although molecules coded for by the MHC were originally identified based on their role in transplant rejection, they actually evolved to present foreign antigens to T cells. Two classes (Class I and II) of MHC genes, closed linked on chromosome 6 in humans, code for human leukocyte antigens (HLA) which are the molecules critical to antigen presentation. 15. TAA: Tumor associated antigens are also found on some normal cells, which are the quantitative differences in antigens associated with normal vs tumor cells, such as AFP, CEA. 二、问答题（8’×5＝40） 1. 简述T细胞识别抗原的双信号学说。