环境科学与工程专业英语

1一单词词组考试时要求中译英英译中环境科学environmentalscience环境工程environmentalengineering定量环境科学quantitativeenvironmentalscience定性环境科学qualitativeenvironmentalscience衰减再生decayandrecycling新陈代谢率metabolicrates外来物质foreignmatter研究和发展ResearchandDevelopment一次大气污染物primaryairpollutant二次大气污染物secondaryairpollutant氧含量Oxygencontent点源pointsources2沥青残留物asphalticresidue酸雨acidrain设备维护facilitiesmaintenance废物最小化wasteminimization正常浓度normalconcentration胡乱收集magpiecollection需氧量oxygendemandtheamountofoxygenrequired闭合回路closedloop微生物microbemicroorganisms揭示大的差别exposetheconsiderablegaps空气质量监测airqualitymonitoring氧化剂oxidizer石油精炼petroleumrefining3活性炭activatedcarbon质量控制qualitycontrol海轮oceanliner挥发性化学物质volatilechemicals沙漠化desertification火山喷发volcaniceruption间歇源intermittentsources衡量浓度traceconcentrations氯化物和硫化物chloridesandsulphates风化winderosion不完全燃烧incompletecombustion化石燃料fossilfuels液滴liquiddroplets4SO3sulfurtrioxideformanagerialandadministrativereasons行政管理上的原因stacksofgeneratingstations许多发电站Romanempire罗马皇帝Cloacamaxima古罗马的大排泄沟Watephosphorous亚磷的三价磷phosphorousacid亚磷酸phosphoric磷的五价carbonatesbicarbonates碳酸盐碳酸氢盐carbohydrates碳水化合物主要含氢和碳TOCtotalorganiccarbon总有机碳CODchemicaloxygendemand化学需氧量BODbiologicaloxygendemand生化需氧量5Biodegradableorganic可生物降解的有机物BOD5BOD的测试标准化rbornediseases水传染的疾病epilimnion表层水hypolimnion深水层thermocline热变形层becomedepletedofoxygen缺氧二重点句子翻译UNIT21Environmentisthephysicalandbiotichabitatwhichsurroundsusthatwhichwecanseeheartouchsmellandtaste环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地在那里我们可以看到听到触到闻到和品尝到2SystemaccordingtoWebsterdictionaryisdefinedasasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwholeasasolarsystemirrigationsystemsupplysystemtheworldoruniverse系统依据韦伯斯特的字典被定义为一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体6的相互关联的事物比如太阳系统灌溉系统供水系统世界或宇宙3Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysicalchemicalorbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheairwaterorlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealthsurvivaloractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms污染可以被定义为有害影响健康生存活动的人或其它生物体的空气水或土地的物理化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化4SourcereductionAnyactionthatreducestheamountofwasteexitingaprocess资源减量化减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为WasteminimizationThereductiontotheextentfeasibleofwastethatisgeneratedorsubsequentlytreatedstoredordisposedof废物最少化产生的废物最大程度减少然后处理存储或者处置5RecyclingTheuseorreuseofawasteasasubstituteforacommercialproductorasafeedstocktoanindustrialprocess回收作为一个商业产品的代替品或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用6PollutionpreventionPollutionmaybegeneratedduringmanufacturingorwhencertainproductsareusedcommerciallyorbyconsumers污染的防止污染可能在生产过程之中产生或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生77WasteReductionWasteMinimizationTechniques废物回收废物最少化技术包括以下几点productchanges产品改变processchanges过程改变equipmentmodifications设备改造operatingpractices操作训练recyclingandreuse回收和再利用8WhatisairpollutionAirpollutionisnormallydefinedasairthatcontainsoneormorechemicalsinhighenoughconcentrationtoharmhumansotheranimalsvegetationormaterials什么是空气污染空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类其他动物植物或材料的空气9Therearetwomajortypesofairpollution主要有两种类型的空气污染10Aprimaryairpollutionisachemicaladdeddirectlytotheairthatoccursinaharmfulconcentration初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质11Asecondaryairpollutionisaharmfulchemicalformedintheatmospherethroughachemicalreactionamongaircomponents次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质12OrganicmatterProteinsandcarbohydratesconstitute90percentoftheorganicmatterindomesticsewage在生活污水中蛋白质和碳水化合物构成百分之90的有机质8三课后的NOTES部分UNIT12381213Unit11Careandimpartialityingatheringandrecordingdateaswellasindependentverificationarethecornerstonesofscience在数据收集与记录过程中仔细认真无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石2Whenthecollectionandorganizationofdaterevealcertainregularitiesitmaybepossibletoformulateageneralizationorhypothesis当对数据收集和整理披露了某些规律时可能归纳出概况或假设3thetwotypesoflogicarequalitativeandquantitativelogic两类逻辑学分别为定性和定量逻辑学4theoriesandinparticularmathematicaltheoriesoftenenableustobridgethegapbetweenexperimentallycontrolledobservationsandobservationsmadeinthefield理论尤其是数学理论通常使我们可以弥补缩小实验过程观察的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的差距5environmentalengineeringismanifestbysoundengineeringthoughtand9practiceinthesolutionofproblemsofenvironmentalsanitationnotablyintheprovisionofsafepalatableandamplepublicwatersupplies环境工程是在解决环境卫生问题过程中具有代表性的提供安全可口与充足的公共供水过程用正确的工程思想与合理的实施显现出来1APSmaterialsincgeneratedtwohazardouswastes111trichloroethaneandmethanolfromcoldsolventdegreasingoperationsassociatedwiththeirplasmaspraydepositionprocess美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物即111三氯乙烷和甲醇2ATT美国最大的电话电信公司3CFCchlorofluorocarbon含氯氟烃4Sloppyhousekeepingpracticessuchasleakingtanksvalvesorpumpsmaycauseprocesschemicalstospillrequiringcleanupanddisposal随意马虎的内部管理习惯例如储罐阀门或泵的泄漏都会导致工艺过程中化学品的溅漏而需要采取净化和处理措施Unit81thegeographiclocationofsomeheavilypopulatedcitiessuchasLos10AngelesandMexicocitymakesthemparticularlysusceptibletofrequentairstagnationandpollutionbuildup一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物增加的影响2bythemselvesmeasuredconcentrationstellusnothingaboutthedangercausedbypollutantsbecausethresholdlevelssynergyandbiologicalmagnificationarealsodeterminingfactors测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息因为临界浓度协同作用和生长放大效应都是决定因素1mostboatingassociationsnowurgetheirmembersnevereventotakeanythingdisposableandplastictoseaandencourageoceanlinerstofollowsuit目前大多数船协会敦促他们的会员再也不要把废弃的物质和塑料扔到海里并鼓励航海轮船也这样做四课文填空UNIT13的第一部分1PollutionofstreamsandriversPoHutionofStreamsandRiversWhensewageisdischargedintoafreshwaterstreamthestreambecomespollutionThisdoesnotmeanthattheoxygencontentdropinstantaneouslyButthepotentialforoxygendepletionexistswhereverthereissewageThemeasureof11thispotentialistheBODwhichrisesassoonasthesewagegoesinNowfollowthewaterdownstreamfromPolutionvilleThereprocessesaregoingonallatthesametimeProcess1ThebacteriaarefeastingonthesewagebecauseofthisactiontheamountofsewageinthewaterisdecreasingsotheBODisgoingdownProcess2AsthebacteriaconsumethesewagetheyalsousedissolvedoxygensothatconcentrationtoostarttodecreaseProcess3someofthelostoxygenisbeingreplenishedfromtheatmosphereandformphotosynthesisbythevegetationinthestreamForthefirst50kmorsodownstreamthenaturalabilityoftherivertorecoveritsoxygenprocess3simplecannotkeepupwiththefeastingbacteriaprocess2sothedissolvedoxygenconcentrationgoesdownThefishbegintodiebutitisnotthesewagethatiskillingthemInfactthesewageprovidesfoodInsteadthefishdiefromlackofoxygenbeginningwhenthedissolvedoxygenconcentrationfallsbelowabout4mgperliterdependingontheparticularspeciesThefishkillsstartabout15kmdownstreamfromtheintroductionoftherawsewageIntimeasthesewageisusedupbybacteriatheBODgoesdownprocess1theconsumptionofoxygenalsoslowsdownandthenaturalabilityoftherivertorecoverprocess3becomespredominantTheriverthenbeginsto12repurifyitselfAbout90kmdownstreamthefishbegintosurviveagainandatabout140kmtheoxygencontenthasincreasedtoitsformerunpollutedlevelOfcourseifadditionalsewageisdischargedbeforerecoveryiscompleteasshownintheillustrationat160kmtheriverbecomespollutionagainWhensourcesofpollutionarecloselyspacedpollutionbecomespracticallycontinuousRiversinsuchaconditionwhichunfortunatelycanbefoundneardenselypollutedareasallovertheworldsupportnofisharehighinbacterialcontentusuallyincludingpathogenicorganismsappearmuddilybluegreenfromchokingalgaeandinextremecasesstinkfromputrefactionandfermentation