万圣节参考答案

Halloween 万圣节 Halloween (or Hallowe'en) is an annual holiday observed on October 31. It has roots in the Celtic festival of Samhain and the Christian holiday All Saints' Day, but is today largely a secular celebration. Common Halloween activities include trick-or-treating, wearing costumes and attending costume parties, carving jack-o'-lanterns, ghost tours, bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, committing pranks, telling ghost stories or other frightening tales, and watching horror films. 万圣节于每年的10月31号举行，起源于不列颠卡尔特人的传统节日“萨温节”和基督教的“诸圣节”，而现在主要是世俗化的庆祝活动。 History The festival of Samhain celebrates the end of the "lighter half" of the year and beginning of the "darker half", and is sometimes regarded as the "Celtic New Year". 万圣节的历史 萨温节庆祝一年中夏季的结束和冬季的开始，也是凯尔特的新年。 The ancient Celts believed that the border between this world and the Otherworld became thin on Samhain, allowing spirits (both harmless and harmful) to pass through. The family's ancestors were honoured and invited home while harmful spirits were warded off. It is believed that the need to ward off harmful spirits led to the wearing of costumes and masks. Their purpose was to disguise oneself as a harmful spirit and thus avoid harm. In Scotland the spirits were impersonated by young men dressed in white with masked, veiled or blackened faces. Samhain was also a time to take stock of food supplies and slaughter livestock for winter stores. Bonfires played a large part in the festivities. All other fires were doused and each home lit their hearth from the bonfire. The bones of slaughtered livestock were cast into its flames. 古老的凯尔特人认为在萨温节这天，今世和来世的界限变得模糊，可以使神灵穿过（不管是有害还是无害的）。一家人要祭奠先人并邀请他们的神灵回家并挡住恶魔进来，正是为了避免恶魔进入家庭，人们要穿上衣服，戴上面具，装扮成恶魔的摸样来辟邪。在苏格兰年轻人穿着白色的衣服、戴上面具、披上面纱或者把脸涂黑，扮演成神灵。萨温节的时候，人们把粮食和屠宰好的肉都贮藏起来，以备冬天之需。营火活动也是这个节日的重要组成部分，在这天，所有的火都熄灭了，每个家庭都从营火取火，点燃家里的壁炉。被屠宰的动物的骨头都投进了熊熊燃烧的大火中。有时候两堆营火并排燃起，人们和骨头穿梭其中，作为一种净化灵魂的仪式。 Another common practice was divination, which often involved the use of food and drink. The name 'Halloween' and many of its present-day traditions derive from the Old English era. 另一项活动是占卜，是关于食物和酒的使用方法。 “万圣节”的名字以及很多现在的传统都来自于古英语时代。 Symbols 万圣节的象征物 Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time encompassing customs of medieval holy days as well as contemporary cultures. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souling" \o "Souling" souling practice of commemorating the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" \o "Soul" souls in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" \o "Purgatory" purgatory with candle lanterns carved from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga" \o "Rutabaga" turnips, became adapted into the making of jack-o'-lanterns. In traditional Celtic Halloween festivals, large turnips were hollowed out, carved with faces, and placed in windows to ward off evil spirits. The carving of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin" \o "Pumpkin" pumpkins is associated with Halloween in North America where pumpkins are both readily available and much larger – making them easier to carve than turnips. Many families that celebrate Halloween carve a pumpkin into a frightening or comical face and place it on their doorstep after dark. The American tradition of carving pumpkins preceded  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine_(1845%E2%80%931849)" \o "Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)" the Great Famine period of Irish immigrationand was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century. 与万圣节有关的手工艺品和象征物经过多年的发展，既有包括中世纪时代的风俗也有现代文化。“慰灵”习俗是为了纪念涤罪的灵魂而把大落挖空，里面放上灯笼，现在已经发展成雕刻南瓜灯的习俗。传统上，凯尔特人庆祝万圣节的时候，把大萝卜挖空，上面雕刻成脸的形状，放在窗户上把恶魔吓跑。在雕刻南瓜灯的传统源自北美洲，因为在那里南瓜多而且比较大，比大萝卜更容易雕刻。许多家庭庆祝万圣节的时候把南瓜雕刻成吓人或者搞笑的脸孔，天黑之后放在门前。北美雕刻南瓜灯的传统在爱尔兰移民的大饥荒时期之前主要与丰收相关，直到19世纪中后期才与万圣节相关。 Halloween imagery includes themes of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" \o "Death" death,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil" \o "Evil" evil, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" \o "Occult" occult,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" \o "Magic (paranormal)" magic, or mythical  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster" \o "Monster" monsters. Traditional characters include  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost" \o "Ghost" ghosts,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" \o "Witchcraft" witches,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" \o "Skeleton (undead)" skeletons,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" \o "Vampire" vampires,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf" \o "Werewolf" werewolves,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" \o "Demon" demons,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat" \o "Bat" bats,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider" \o "Spider" spiders, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cat" \o "Black cat" black cats. Black and orange are the traditional Halloween colors and represent the darkness of night and the color of bonfires, autumn leaves, and jack-o'-lanterns. 万圣节的形象还与以下主题有关：死亡邪恶、神秘、魔法或者神话怪兽。传统的形象有鬼、女巫、骷髅、吸血鬼、狼人、恶魔、蝙蝠、蜘蛛以及黑猫等。黑色和橘色是传统的万圣节的颜色，代表着夜晚的黑暗和营火的颜色、秋天的颜色以及南瓜灯的颜色。 Trick-or-treating and guising Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to a (mostly idle) "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. In some parts of Scotland children still go guising. In this custom the child performs some sort of trick, i.e. sings a song or tells a ghost story, to earn their treats. 不给糖就捣蛋和化妆聚会 不给糖就捣蛋是孩子们庆祝万圣节的传统习惯，孩子们穿上装束走家串户，要糖果之类的奖赏，并问道：“要捣蛋还是给糖？”“trick”指的如果不给他们糖，就向家庭主人“威胁”捣乱并破坏他们的财产。在苏格兰的一些地方，孩子们仍然化妆。根据这种风俗，孩子们表演唱歌或者讲故事等得到奖励。 Costumes HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trick-or-treaters_in_Dublin.jpg" \o "Enlarge"  Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after monsters such as ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses. 服装 万圣节的服装传统上是模仿魔鬼的装束如鬼、骷髅、女巫、恶魔等。渐渐地，人们选择的服装也模仿流行的人物装束，如小说、名人或者忍者和公主等流行的人物造型等。 Dressing up in costumes and going " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guising" \o "Guising" guising" was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the 19th century. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" \l "cite_note-ATP-26#cite_note-ATP-26"  Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick-or-treating" \o "Trick-or-treating" trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States. 穿上服装参加化妆聚会在19世纪苏格兰和爱尔兰地区庆祝万圣节的时候非常流行。化妆聚会在20世纪早期的美国也很流行，大人孩子都喜欢。第一次大规模生产万圣节服装是在1930年代，当时“不给糖就捣蛋”在美国开始流行起来。 What sets Halloween costumes apart from costumes for other celebrations or days of dressing up is that they are often designed to imitate  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" \o "Supernatural" supernatural and scary beings. Costumes are traditionally those of monsters such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" \o "Vampire" vampires,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_European_culture" \o "Ghosts in European culture" ghosts,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" \o "Skeleton (undead)" skeletons,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch" \o "Witch" witches, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil" \o "Devil" devils, or in more recent years such  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" \o "Science fiction" science fiction-inspired characters as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" \o "Extraterrestrial life" aliens and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero" \o "Superhero" superheroes. There are also costumes of pop culture figures like presidents, athletes, celebrities, or film, television, and cartoon characters. Another popular trend is for women (and in some cases, men) to use Halloween as an excuse to wear sexy or revealing costumes, showing off more skin than would be socially acceptable otherwise. 万圣节服装和其他庆祝节日时穿的服装的不同之处在于这些服装设计经常模仿超灵或者吓人的东西，万圣节的服装传统上都是怪兽的形象，如吸血鬼、幽灵、骷髅、女巫以及魔鬼等，近年来，还有科幻小说人物如外星人、超人等形象。还有名人的服装如总统、运动员、电影、电视以及卡通人物等。另一种流行的趋势是女人们利用万圣节这个机会穿上性感暴露的服装，而这种服装在平时的社交场合是不被接受的。 Halloween  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C