高考英语语法核心考点专题复习 介词知识点整理总结+习题（含答案）.doc

高考英语语法核心考点专项复习 介词知识点整理总结 英语十大词类中介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类或短语等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词用法多而杂，是考察的重点。一个介词有很多意思和很多用法，以及介词搭配也很多也是考察的重点。常用介词、易错介词的辨析以及介词固定搭配的考查将是2021年介词考查的主要方向。 本专题主要是从介词的分类、功能、搭配和考点来讲解，并配以习题练习。 介词的分类 分类 特点 例词 简单介词 即一个介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。 合成介词 由两个介词构成合成词 into, onto, throughout, upon, within 短语介词 由短语构成 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。 双重介词 由两个介词搭配而成 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。 分词介词 由现在分词转化而来 considering(就……而论), including，regarding，concerning等。 兼类介词 由形容词直接转化而来 like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。 二、介词的意思 1． 表示时间的介词 (1) in表示“在某一时间段”或“在某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。in也可以指“在……之后”，表示从说话起的若干时间内。如： in July/summer/2000/ancient times The bus will be here in ten minutes. (2) on表示“在特定的某一天”，也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如：on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st (3) at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如： at six o'clock, at Easter (4) over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。如： Stay over the Christmas. (5) for与since：for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度，为“长达……”之意；since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间；含有since时间短语的句子要用完成时，但含有for时间短语的句子不一定要用完成时。如： I have been there for six years. We have not seen each other since 1993. (6) during指“在……时期/时间内”，必须接表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。如： She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little. 2． 表示地点的介词 (1) above, below，over, under，on, on top of, beneath, underneath: above和below分别表示“高于”和“低于”的意思，不一定指垂直方向上的上下；over和under分别表示垂直方向上的上下或高低；on/on top of和beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三组介词互为反义词。如： The temple stands on top of the hill. The pen is beneath the book. There is a lamp on the desk. (2) at, on, in：at指小地点或集会场合；on表示线或面上的位置；in表示在立体、区域或环境内，特别是那些较大，能够容纳相应事物的环境。如： He works at Peking University. Your radio is on the desk. He's sitting in the sun. (3) between与among：between用来说明“在……两者之间”或“三个以上人或事物中的每两者之间的相互关系”；among用来说明“在……三者以上之间”的相互关系；among可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系。如： There is a small river between the two villages. The book is the best among these modern novels. The relations between various countries are very important. 3． 表示原因的介词。 (1) for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。如： They will reward you for your help. (2) from和out of常常表示动机或原因；through表示消极或间接的原因。如： He feels weak from lack of sleep. He broke down through overwork. 4． 表示目的的介词 for和to都可以引导目的地。for表示拟定的接收人或目的，for跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后，如：leave, set out, start, depart, sail等；to表示实际的接收人或目的，to跟在含有方向性的动词后，如：go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。如： We have left for Hong Kong. He flew to America via Hong Kong. 5． 表示“关于……”的介词 一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体；on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中；of用于动词talk, read, know, hear等的后面。如： What are you talking about? in terms of natural resources 6． 表示原料的介词 of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质；from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质。如： His house was built of brick. He made these toys out of old cigar­boxes. Steel is made from iron. 7． 表示价格的介词 at和for都可表示价格，at仅表示价格；for还表示“交换”。如： Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. I bought it for five pounds. 三、常见的介词搭配 1． “介词＋ 名词”型 (1) in ＋ 名词 in advance 在前头，事先，预先 in case 如果，万一 in charge 主管，掌管，看管 in common 共有，共同，公有 in demand 有需要的 in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的 in effect 实际上，生效 in fact 事实上 in order 按序，井然有序，情况良好； 恰当 in progress 进行中 in return 作为回报 in turn 依次，替换地；相应地，转而 in vain 徒劳 (2) on＋ 名词 on guard 在值勤 on leave 在休假 on holiday 在度假 on strike 罢工 on sale 出售 on loan 借贷 on＋the＋名词 on the move 在移动，搬迁；离开 on the march 在行军 on the flow 在涨潮 on the increase 正在增加 on the go 正在活动，正在奔走 on the air 正在广播 on the fly 正在飞行 (3) beyond ＋名词 beyond one's power 是某人力所不及的 beyond praise 夸不胜夸 beyond one's reach 够不着 beyond description 难以形容 beyond words 无法用语言形容 beyond doubt 无疑 beyond one's understanding 无法理解 (4) under ＋ 名词 under development 在发展中 under observation 在观察中 under test 在测试中 under construction 在建设中 under examination 在检查(调查)中 under consideration 在考虑中 under repair 在修理中 (5) at ＋ 名词 at length 详细地，长时间 at sea 茫然 at will 任意地 at work 在上班 at lunch 在吃午饭 at rest 在休息 at table 在吃饭 at school 上学 at church 做礼拜 at peace 处于和平状态 (6) out of ＋ 名词 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of balance 失去平衡 out of date 过时 out of patience 不耐烦 out of control 失去控制 out of business 破产 out of style 过时，不时髦 out of the ordinary 不寻常的 out of touch 失去联系 2． 复杂介词型 (1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。 because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)； on account of：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。 (2) 表示“除……之外”。 with the exception of＝ except, except for“除……之外”； apart from (＝美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之 外”，相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides； in addition to“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。 (3) 表示“有关，关于”。 concerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”； with respect to“关于，就……而言”； as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。 (4) 表示“在……之前”。 ahead of=in advance of，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更 早”， 还可表示“领先，优于”； in front of 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。 (5) 表示“支持，赞成”。 in support of 维护，支持，支援； in favor of 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”。 (6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。 in the light of 按照，考虑到 in terms of 就……而言，谈到 according to 根据；按照 in view of 鉴于，因为 (7) 表示“尽管”。 in spite of 尽管，不管 3．“形容词＋介词”型 at前的adj.：angry, good, bad, surprised, excited, puzzled等。 of前的adj.：afraid, sure, certain, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy等。 with前的adj.: angry, strict, busy, careful, popular, patient等。 in前的adj.：strict, weak, interested, successful, rich等。 to前的adj.：polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, available等。 for前的adj.：sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious，(be) hungry/thirsty等。 from前的adj.：far, different, free, safe等。 about前的adj.：worried, anxious, careful，curious等。 4． “名词＋介词”型 the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/way…to； wish/desire/prize/respect…for； pity/mercy/congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influence…on 考场热身 Passage 1 Mrs. Smith was unable to fall sleeping at night and 1.________ 答案：sleeping→asleep指导：fall asleep睡着，睡熟。固定习语。 was very tired during the day to do anything,even the 2.________ 答案：very→too指导：构成too．．．to．．．结构。 simple things that she used to enjoy doing. She had 3.________ 答案：√ headaches more often, it prevented her from reading 4.________ 答案：it→which指导：which引导非限制性定语从句，代指那个事实。 or watched TV. The more she thought about her conditions, 5.________ 答案：watched→watching 指导：watching与reading并列作from的宾语。 the more worse she felt. At last she went to see her doctor, 6.________ 答案：去掉more指导：．．The worse she felt.……她感觉越坏。“more+形容词或副词原级”构成比较级形式，在比较级(worse是bad的比较级)前不能用more来修饰。 whom she had known for years. The doctor listened to his 7.________ 答案：his→her指导：her　heart＝Mrs．Smith's　heart． heart and said, "There is nothing serious wrong with 8.________ 答案：serious→seriously指导：seriously修饰wrong。 you ,and I accept the fact you don't fell well. Now I'll 9.________ 答案：and→but指导：句意：你虽然没有什么严重的问题，但是我承认你感觉不好的事实。 9.' give you some pills(药丸) that help. Come tomorrow 10.________ 答案：＾help→will指导：句意：我给你开一了些能治你头疼的药。help这里的意思是“对治头疼有帮助”。 morning and tell me how you fell." Passage 2 A warm-heart nurse on her first day's work came to 1.________ 答案：warm-heart→warm-hearted指导：注意构词法，又如：cold-hearted心肠冷的，不热心的；warm-blooded(动物)温血的。 a patient. She asked him she could do anything for 2.________ 答案：him＾→if／whether指导：ask后接的宾语从句一般由疑问连接词来引导。 him,and he only waved his hands and said something 3.________ 答案：and→but 指导：由上下文逻辑可判断。 she could hardly understand. She asked him again 4.________ 答案：√ and he just kept saying the different words, but 5.________ 答案：different→same指导；句意：他一直重复着同一句话。 in a lower voice before closing his eye. She 6.________ 答案：eye→eyes 指导：eye显然应当用复数。 felt his pulse and found him death. She rushed to 7.________ 答案：death→dead指导：dead作宾语补足语，应当是形容词形式 repeat to the doctor sounds she had heard. "My 8.________ 答案：＾sounds，the指导：the sounds指她听到的那位患者死前重复说的那句活。注意本句的话序，the．sounds作repeat的宾语，应置其后，但因其后接一定语从句，所以放在了to the doctor之后。句意：她(护士)匆匆忙忙地跑去向医生重复了一下她听到的那些声音。 dear girl, "said the doctor after listen carefully to 9.________ 1isten→listening指导：after此处是介词。注意after既可作连词，又可作介词。作连词时是这样的：…said the　doctor　after　he　listened carefully．．． what she repeated,"he was saying you've standing on 10.________ 答案：you've→you’re指导：You're　standing　On　my　oxygen　pipe．你正站在我的氧气管子上。 my oxygen pipe.” Passage 3 I worked like a postman for a short time,but I 1.________ 答案：ke→as指导；work as a postman当邮递员。 am afraid of the dogs and I had a lot of trouble. 2.________ 答案：the指导：dogs这里表示“类指”而非“专指”。“我怕狗”而不是“我怕那(这些狗)”。 One day,I managed to send a postcard to a big house. 3.________ 答案：managed→tried指导：由下文可知“送明信片”这件事还没有做到，所以不可用managed。Manage to do sth．表示“想方设法做成了某事”。 No sooner had I got my bicycle than a large dog ran 4.________ 答案：t＾→off 指导：got off my bicycle从自行车上下来。又如：got off the bus从公交车上下来。 towards the gate, barking loudly at me. It seemed 5.________ 答案：√ to bite me. If I had moved an inch towards,the dog 6.________ 答案：wards→forward指导．．move　an　inch　forward往前挪一(英寸)。 would have jumped at me. At the end I had no 7.________ 答案：In指导：in the end最终；at the end(ok．．)在……结束的时候。 choice but drop the postcard on the ground in the garden. 8.________ 答案：t＾→to指导：这里but前没有出现实义动词，所以其后应当接to do形式。 The terrible-looking dog picked it immediately and 9.________ 答案： it＾→up指导：picked　it up把明信片衔起来。 carried it in the house. The dog was a good postman. 10.________ 答案：in--into指导：carried it into the house把明信片叼进房子里。 Passage 4 Miss Jones was a teacher,her home was not 1.________ 答案：her→whose指导：whose引导非限制性定语从句。注意：在her前加and的改法是不正确的，因为后面是由and引导的并列分句。 far from her school,but she always walked there 2.________ 答案：but→and指导：由上下文的逻辑关系可推断出。 in the morning. All the pupils in the school was very young. 3.________ 答案：was→were指导：句子的主语是pupils(复数)。 In a very cold and windy morning, Miss Jones walked 4.________ 答案：In→On 指导：通常说in the morning／afternoon／evening；但是当它们与其他形容词或某些词组连用时需用on a cool morning in spring春天的一个凉爽的早晨；On the previous evening在头天晚上；On the morning of the 4th of September在9月4日的上午。 to school,and the cold wind went into her eyes, 5.________ 答案：＾school→the 指导：the school指的是Miss Jones工作的那所学校。 and big tears began rolling out of them. She arrived 6.________ 答案：arrived→reached或arrived→at 指导：注意arrive是不及物动词，reach是及物动词。 the school, opened the door and go into the classroom. 7.________ 答案：go→went指导：显然应该是一般过去时。 It was nice and warm here and Miss Jones was 8.________ 答案：√ happy. But then the small boy looked at her for a few 9.________ 答案：the→a 指导：这个小男孩是上文中未提及的。 seconds, put his arm on her and said kindly, 10.________ 答案：on→around 指导：put his arm around her双臂抱住她。 "Don't cry,Miss. School isn't very bad." Passage 5 One day,I was cooking in the kitchen as the 1.________ 答案：as→when 指导：when此处是并列连词，“正当这时……”，此时与as是 不可互换的。 telephone rings. I went to answer it immediately. 2.________ 答案：rings→rang 指导：由上下文的动词动态很容易作出判断。句意：一天，我正在厨房里做饭，突然电话铃响了。answer讧去接电话。 She was my close friend, Lisa. When we were talking 3.________ 答案：She→It 指导：it用来确定身份。 on a phone,the fire alarm sounded. I ran back to the 4.________ 答案：a→the指导：on the phone通电话，固定习语。 kitchen. The room full of smoke and beef was badly 5.________ 答案：＾full→was指导：be full Of充满。 burnt. I quickly turned off the gas, opening all the 6.________ 答案：opening→opened指导：turned off the gas，opened．．．，and then went．．．是三个并列的谓语动词。 windows,and then went out of the house. In my 7.________ 答案：In→To 指导：to sb's surprise让某人吃惊的是……。习语。 surprise,two fire engines were outside my house. I 8.________ 答案：√ was rather worried. I told about the firemen that it 9.________ 答案：去掉about 指导：tell sb．that从句，告诉某人……。 was my careless cooking which caused the heavy smoke. 10.________ 答案：which→that 指导：强调句型中不用which．句意：我告诉消防员，是我做 饭时的粗心导致浓烟滚滚。 Passage 6 We were driving along a narrow road while the car stopped 1. 答案：while→when指导：与passage 5中的第1题情况相同。 working. We tried to fix it and there was nothing we 2.________ 答案：2．and→but指导：句意：我们努力想把它修好，可是我们什么也干不成。 could do. Paddy and I wanted go off for help, 3. __________ 答案：wanted＾go→to指导：want to do sth．想要做某事。 but Mike insisted in staying near the ear. He said it 4.________ 答案：in→on指导：insist　on　doing sth．坚持要示做某事。习语。 was best to stay until help arrived rather than go into 5.________ 答案：√ the forest and getting lo