小升初英语知识点题型梳理
知识结构
一、词汇和词法:
(一)名词:
1.专有名词和普通名词 (可数名词和不可数名词)
2.可数名词的复数形式 (规则变化和不规则变化)
3.名词所有格
(二)代词:
1.人称代词 (主格、宾格、所有格)
2.物主代词 (形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词)
3.反身代词
4.指示代词 (this, these, that, those)
5.不定代词 (some, any, few, a few, little, a little, much, many, no, every, each, both, all, another, other, others, etc.)
6.疑问代词 (who, whom, whose, what, which)
(三)数词:
1.基数词
2.序数词
(四)形容词:
1.形容词的比较级和最高级
2.形容词的位置
3.多个形容词的排列顺序
(四)副词:
1.副词的比较级和最高级
2.副词的位置
(五)介词:
常见介词的用法和搭配 (at, on, in, to, for, from, by, with, without, etc.)
二、句子结构和句法:
(一)主谓一致:
1.语法一致原则
2.就近一致原则
(二)动词的时态和语态:
1.一般现在时
2.一般过去时
3.一般将来时
4.现在进行时
5.过去进行时
6.现在完成时
7.过去完成时
8.过去将来时
9.现在完成进行时
10.主动语态
11.被动语态
(三)从句:
1.名词性从句 (主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)
2.定语从句
3.状语从句 (时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式状语从句)
(四)特殊句式:
1.疑问句 (一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句)
2.祈使句
3.感叹句
4.倒装句
(五)非谓语动词:
1.动词不定式
2.动名词
3.现在分词
4.过去分词
三、阅读理解:
运用语法知识分析句子结构,识别句子成分。
根据上下文和语法结构推断词义和句子含义。
理解各种时态、语态和从句的含义及用法。
分析句子之间的逻辑关系。
四、写作:
使用正确的时态和语态表达动作和状态。
使用正确的代词指代人物和事物。
使用正确的介词和连词连接句子成分。
运用从句和特殊句式使文章结构更加多样化。
使用正确的标点符号。
知识汇编
一、词汇和词法
1. 名词:
可数名词复数形式:
规则变化:
直接加 -s:book - books, bag - bags
以s, x, ch, sh结尾加 -es:bus - buses, box - boxes, watch - watches, dish - dishes
以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加 -es:baby - babies, city - cities
以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为v加 -es:knife - knives, life - lives (部分词直接加-s:roof - roofs)
不规则变化:
man - men, woman - women, child - children, tooth - teeth, foot - feet, mouse - mice
单复数同形:sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese
名词所有格:
's: 表示所属关系,用于有生命的名词。 e.g., the girl's bag, my parents' house
of + 名词: 用于无生命的名词或较长的名词短语。 e.g., the door of the room, the name of the book
例题:
The ______ are playing in the park. (child)
This is my ______ pen. (brother)
The color of the ______ is blue. (sky)
答案: 1. children 2. brother's 3. sky
知识点拨:
注意区分可数名词和不可数名词,不可数名词没有复数形式。
熟记不规则名词的复数形式。
注意名词所有格的用法,尤其是's 和 of + 名词的区别。
2. 代词:
人称代词:
主格:I, you, he, she, it, we, they (作主语)
宾格:me, you, him, her, it, us, them (作宾语)
所有格:my, your, his, her, its, our, their (形容词性物主代词), mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs (名词性物主代词)
指示代词:
this/these: 指近处的人或物 e.g., This is my book.
that/those: 指远处的人或物 e.g., That is your car.
不定代词:
some/any: some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定句和疑问句。 e.g., I have some apples. Do you have any questions?
many/much: many 用于可数名词复数,much 用于不可数名词。 e.g., many books, much water
few/a few/little/a little: 表示数量少,a few 和 a little 强调 “有一些”,few 和 little 强调 “几乎没有”。 e.g., few friends, a few friends
例题:
______ is a student. (He)
I don’t have ______ money. (any)
There are ______ apples on the table. (some)
答案: 1. He 2. any 3. some
知识点拨:
注意人称代词主格和宾格的区别。
掌握不定代词的用法,根据句子意思选择合适的代词。
3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级:
规则变化: 形容词或副词 + -er/-est (单音节词) e.g., tall - taller - tallest
规则变化: more + 形容词/副词 / most + 形容词/副词 (多音节词或部分双音节词) e.g., beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful
不规则变化: good/well - better - best, bad/badly - worse - worst
例题:
This book is ______ than that one. (interesting)
He runs ______ in our class. (fast)
答案: 1. more interesting 2. fastest
知识点拨:
注意形容词和副词比较级和最高级的变化规则,以及不规则变化形式。
比较级通常与 than 连用,最高级通常与 the 连用。
二、句子结构和句法
1. 主谓一致:
语法一致原则: 主语为单数,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数,谓语动词用复数形式。 e.g., The book is on the table. The books are on the table.
就近一致原则: 当主语由 either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also 连接时,谓语动词与靠近的主语保持一致。 e.g., Neither he nor I am a doctor. Not only the students but also the teacher is happy.
例题:
The students ______ playing basketball. (be)
Either you or she ______ going to the party. (be)
答案: 1. are 2. is
知识点拨:
注意集体名词作主语时,根据语义确定谓语动词的单复数。 e.g., The family is big. (指家庭作为一个整体) The family are watching TV. (指家庭成员)
注意一些特殊情况,例如 “the + 形容词” 表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。 e.g., The rich are not always happy.
2. 动词的时态和语态:
一般现在时: 表示经常性或习惯性的动作,客观事实,普遍真理等。 e.g., He plays football every day. The earth moves around the sun.
一般过去时: 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 e.g., I went to school yesterday.
一般将来时: 表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 e.g., He will go to Beijing next week.
现在进行时: 表示现在正在进行的动作。 e.g., He is watching TV now.
过去进行时: 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。 e.g., He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.
现在完成时: 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。 e.g., I have finished my homework. He has lived here for ten years.
过去完成时: 表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。 e.g., He had finished his homework before he went to bed.
主动语态: 主语是动作的执行者。 e.g., He opened the door.
被动语态: 主语是动作的承受者。 e.g., The door was opened by him.
例题:
He ______ to school every day. (go)
They ______ a movie when I called them. (watch)
I ______ my homework. (finish)
The window ______ broken. (be)
答案: 1. goes 2. were watching 3. have finished 4. has been
知识点拨:
根据时间状语和句子意思选择合适的时态。
注意现在完成时和一般过去时的区别。
被动语态由 “be + 过去分词” 构成。
3. 从句:
名词性从句: 在句子中充当名词的功能,可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
主语从句:That he is a doctor is known to all.
宾语从句:He said (that) he would come.
表语从句:The problem is that we have no money.
同位语从句:The news that he won the game surprised us.
定语从句: 修饰名词或代词,由关系代词 (who, whom, whose, which, that) 或关系副词 (when, where, why) 引导。 e.g., The man who is wearing a hat is my father.
状语从句: 修饰谓语动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式等。
时间状语从句:He will call you when he arrives.
原因状语从句:He was late because he missed the bus.
目的状语从句:He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.
例题:
The book ______ you bought is very interesting. (which/that)
I don’t know ______ he will come back. (when)
______ he works hard, he will succeed. (If)
答案: 1. which/that 2. when 3. If
4. 特殊句式:
疑问句:
一般疑问句:可以用 yes/no 回答的疑问句。 e.g., Are you a student?
特殊疑问句:对句子中的某个成分提问,由疑问词 (what, who, when, where, why, how) 引导。 e.g., What is your name?
选择疑问句:提供两种或多种选择的疑问句。 e.g., Do you like tea or coffee?
反意疑问句:对陈述部分提出相反疑问的句子。 e.g., You are a student, aren’t you?
祈使句: 表示请求、命令、建议等语气。 e.g., Please sit down.
感叹句: 表示强烈的感情,由 what 或 how