2017年12月英语六级考试真题(第三套)
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "Help others, and you will be helped when you are in need " you can cite examples to illustrate your views. you should write at least 150 words but no more than 200。
Part II
Listening comprehension(30miutes)
Part III Reading
Many European countries have been making the shift to electric vehicles and Germany has juststated that they plan to ban the sale of vehicles using gasoline and diesel as fuel by 2030. Thecountry is also planning to reduce its carbon footprint by 80-95% by 2050, 26 a shift to greenenergy in the country. Effectively, the ban will include the registration of new cars in the countryas they will not allow any gasoline 27 vehicle to be registered after 2030.
Part of the reason this ban is being discussed and 28 is because energy officials see that theywill not reach their emissions goals by 2050 if they do not 29 a large portion of vehicleemissions. The country is still 30 that it will meet its emissions goals, like reducing emissions by 40% by 2020, but the 31 of electric cars in the country has not occurred as fast as ejected.
Other efforts to increase the use of electric vehicles include plans to build over 1 million hybridand electric car battery changing stations across the country. By 2030, Germany plans onhaving over 6 million charging stations 32 . According to the
International Business Times, electric car sales are expected to increase as Volkswagen is still recovering from its emissions scandal.
There are 33 around 155,000 registered hybrid and electric vehicles on German roads, dwarfedby the 45 million gasoline and diesel cars driving there now. As countries
continue settinggoals of reducing emissions, greater steps need to be taken to have a
34 effect on thesurrounding environment. While the efforts are certainly not 35 , the
results of such bans willlikely only start to be seen by generations down the line,
bettering the world for the future.
A) acceptance B) currently C) disrupting D) eliminate E) exhaust F) futile G) hopeful H) implemented I) incidentally J) installed K) noticeable L) powered M) restoration N) skepticalO) sparking
26-35: OLHDG AJBKF
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.
Apple's Stance Highlights a More Confrontational Tech Industry
[A] The battle between Apple and law enforcement officials over unlocking a terrorist'ssmartphone is the culmination of a slow turning of the tables between the technology industryand the United States government.
[B] After revelations by the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden in 2013 that the government both cozied up to (讨好) certain tech companies and hacked intoothers to gain access to private data on an enormous scale, tech giants began to recognizethe United States government as a hostile actor. But if the confrontation has crystallized inthis latest battle, it may already be heading toward a predictable conclusion: In the long run, the tech companies are destined to emerge victorious.
[C] It may not seem that way at the moment. On the one side, you have the United Statesgovernment's mighty legal and security apparatus fighting for data of the most sympatheticsort: the secrets buried in a dead mass murderer's phone. The action steins from a federalcourt order issued on Tuesday requiring Apple to help the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to unlock an iPhone used by one of the two attackers who killed 14 people in San Bernardino, California, in December.
[D] In the other corner is the world's most valuable company, whose chief executive, TimothyCook, has said he will appeal the court's order. Apple argues that it is fighting to preserve aprinciple that most of us who are addicted to our smartphones can defend: Weaken a singleiPhone so that its contents can be viewed by the American government and you riskweakening all iPhones for any government intruder, anywhere.
[E] There will probably be months of legal confrontation, and it is not at all clear which side willprevail in court, nor in the battle for public opinion and legislative favor. Yet underlying all ofthis is a simple dynamic: Apple, Google, Facebook and other companies hold most of the cardsin this confrontation. They have our data, and their businesses depend on the global public'scollective belief that they will do everything they can to protect that data.
[F] Any crack in that front could be fatal for tech companies that must operate worldwide. IfApple is forced to open up an iPhone for an American law enforcement investigation, what is toprevent it from doing so for a request from the Russians or the Iranians? If Apple is forced towrite code that lets the FBI get into the Phone 5c used by Syed Rizwan Farook, the maleattacker in the San Bernardino attack, who would be responsible if some hacker got hold of thatcode and broke into its other devices?
[G] Apple's stance on these issues emerged post-Snowden, when the company started puttingin place a series of technologies that, by default, make use of encryption (加密)to limit accessto people's data. More than that, Apple—and, in different ways, other tech companies, includingGoogle, Facebook, Twitter and Microsoft—have made their opposition to the government'sclaims a point of corporate pride.
[H] Apple's emerging global brand is privacy; it has staked its corporate reputation, not tomention the investment of considerable technical and financial resources, on limiting the sortof mass surveillance that was uncovered by Mr. Snowden. So now, for many cases involvinggovernmental intrusions into data, once-lonely privacy advocates find themselves fightingalongside the most powerful company in the world.
[I] "A comparison point is in the 1990s battles over encryption," said Kurt Opsahl, generalcounsel of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a privacy watchdog group. "Then you had a fewcompanies involved, but not one of the largest companies in the world coming out with alengthy and impassioned post, like we saw yesterday from Timothy Cook. Its profile has reallybeen raised."
[J] Apple and oilier tech companies hold another ace: the technical means to keep making theirdevices more and more inaccessible. Note that Apple's public opposition to the government'srequest is itself a hindrance to mass government intrusion. And to get at the contents of asingle iPhone, the government says it needs a court order and Apple's help to write new code; in earlier versions of the iPhone, ones that were created before Apple found religion on (热衷于) privacy, the FBI might have been able to break into the device by itself.
[K] You can expect that noose (束缚) to continue to tighten. Experts said that whether or notApple loses this specific case, measures that it could put into place in the future will almostcertainly be able to further limit the government's reach.
[L] That is not to say that the outcome of the San Bernardino case is insignificant. As appleand several security experts have argued, an order compelling Apple to write software thatgives the FBI access to the iPhone in question would establish an unsettling precedent. Theorder essentially asks Apple to hack its own devices, and once it is in place, the precedentcould be used to justify law enforcement efforts to get around encryption technologies in otherinvestigations far removed from national security threats.
[M] Once aimed with a method for gaining access to iPhones, the government could ask to useit proactively (先发制人地), before a suspected terrorist attack—leaving Apple in a bind as towhether to comply or risk an attack and suffer a public-relations nightmare. "This is a brandnew move in the war against encryption," Mr. Opsahl said. "We have had plenty of debates inCongress and the media over whether the government should have a backdoor, and this is anend run (迂回战术) around that—here they come with an order to create that backdoor."
[N] Yet it is worth noting that even if Apple ultimately loses this case, it has plenty oftechnical means to close a backdoor over time. "If they are anywhere near worth their salt asengineers, I bet they are rethinking their threat model as we speak," said Jonathan Zdziarski, adigital expert who studies the iPhone and its vulnerabilities.
[O] One relatively simple fix, Mr. Zdziarski said, would be for Apple to modify future versions ofthe iPhone to require a user to enter a passcode before the phone will accept the sort ofmodified operating system that the FBI wants Apple to create. That way, Apple could notunilaterally introduce a code that weakens the iPhone—a user would have to consent to it.
[P] "Nothing is 100 percent hacker-proof," Mr. Zdziarski said, but he pointed out that thejudge's order in this case required Apple to provide "reasonable security assistance" tounlock Mr. Farook's phone. If Apple alters the security model of future iPhones so that even itsown engineers' "reasonable assistance" will not be able to crack a given device whencompelled by the government, a precedent set in this case might lose its lasting force. Inother words, even if the FBI wins this case, in the long run, it loses.
36. It is a popular belief that tech companies are committed to protecting their customers'private data.
37. The US government believes that its access to people's iPhones could be used to preventterrorist attacks.
38. A federal court asked Apple to help the FBI access data in a terrorist's iPhone.
39. Privacy advocates now have Apple fighting alongside them against government access topersonal data.
40. Snowden revealed that the American government had tried hard to access private data on amassive scale.
41. The FBI might have been able to access private data in earlier iPhones without Apple's help.
42. After the Snowden incident, Apple made clear its position to counter government intrusioninto personal data by means of encryption.
43. According to one digital expert, no iPhone can be entirely free from hacking.
44. Timothy Cook's long web post has helped enhance Apple's image.
45. Apple's CEO has decided to appeal the federal court's order to unlock a user's iPhone.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
At the base of a mountain in Tanzania's Gregory Rift, Lake Natron burns bright red, surrounded by the remains of animals that were unfortunate enough to fall into the saltywater. Bats, swallows and more are chemically preserved in the pose in which they perished, sealed in the deposits of sodium carbonate in the water. The lake's landscape is bizarre anddeadly—and made even more so by the fact that it's the place where nearly 75 percent of theworld's flamingos (火烈鸟)are born.
The water is so corrosive that it can burn the skin and eyes of unadapted animals. Flamingos, however, are the only species that actually makes life in the midst of all that death. Once everythree or four years, when conditions are right, the lake is covered with the pink birds as theystop flight to breed. Three-quarters of the world's flamingos fly over from other salt lakes inthe Rift Valley and nest on salt-crystal islands that appear when the water is at a specific level—too high and the birds can't build their nests, too low and predators can move briskly acrossthe lake bed and attack. When the water hits the right level, the baby birds are kept safe frompredators by a corrosive ditch.
"Flamingos have evolved very leathery skin on their legs so they can tolerate the salt water," says David Harper, a professor at the University of Leicester. "Humans cannot, and would die iftheir legs were exposed for any length of time." So far this year, water levels have been toohigh for the flamingos to nest.
Some fish, too, have had limited success vacationing at the lake as less salty lagoons (泻湖) form on the outer edges from hot springs flowing into Lake Natron. Three species of tilapia (罗非鱼) thrive there part-time. "Fish have a refuge in the streams and can expand into thelagoons when the lake is low and the lagoons are separate," Harper said. "All the lagoons joinwhen the lake is high and fish must retreat to their stream refuges or die." Otherwise, no fishare able to survive in the naturally toxic lake.
This unique ecosystem may soon be under pressure. The Tanzanian government has onceagain started mining the lake for soda ash, used for making chemicals, glass and detergents. Although the planned operation will be located more than 40 miles away, drawing the soda ashin through pipelines, conservationists worry it could still upset the natural water cycle andbreeding grounds. For now, though, life prevails—even in a lake that kills almost everything ittouches.
46. What can we learn about Lake Natron?
A) It is simply uninhabitable for most animals.
B) It remains little known to the outside world.
C) It is a breeding ground for a variety of birds.
D) It makes an ideal habitat for lots of predators.
47. Flamingos nest only when the lake water is at a specific level so that their babies can .
A) find safe shelter more easily
B) grow thick feathers on their feet
C) stay away from predators
D) get accustomed to the salty water
48. Flamingos