新概念英语第二册语法

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习 英语句型基本结构 1．主+谓（不及物动词） Man can think. The fire is burning. 不可忽视：常用不及物动词有 break,  breathe,  burn,  smoke,  swim,  skate,  appear,  disappear,  work, think etc.  2．主+谓+表语（系动词） He became a scientist.  She is getting more and more beautiful. 不可忽视：常用系动词： be,  get,  turn,  feel,  seem,  appear,  look taste,  sound,  smell,  become, go,  prove etc.  3．主+谓+宾（及物动词） We love peace. They will paint the door. 常用动词有：see,  watch,  need,  love,  like,  study,  answer,  carry,  etc. 4．主+谓+宾+宾补 We elected him president. They painted the door white. I advised the students to recite the texts. 王牌重点：常用作宾补的形式： （1）名词：The couple named their baby Johnson. （2）形容词：I keep the door open. （3）副词：The naughty boy knocked the bottle over. （4）不定式：He ordered his men to fire. （5）分词：He heard me singing. I saw the vase broken. （6）介词短语：They look on him as a teacher. （7）名词性从句：I asked him what he was doing. 5．（1）主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语 My friend bought me a gift. I passed him the book. （2）主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾 My friend bought a gift for me. I passed the book to him. 常与介词 for 搭配的动词有： buy,  make,  do get,  play,  call,  choose,  cook,  fetch,  find,  keep order, save,  etc.  常与介词 to 搭配的动词有： bring,  give,  grant,  hand,  pass,  lend,  offer,  pay,  promise,  sell,  send,  show,  each,  tell,  throw, write, etc. 一、一般现在时： 1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”，  works，takes （2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”,   carry → carries （3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”,  goes    dresses     watches     brushes   2．功能： （1）表现在的事实、状态或动作： e.g.: Birds fly.        She loves music.        Mary's parents get up very early. （2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。 e.g.  I always take a walk after supper.         She writes to me very often.      Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally. （3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实：    The earth moves round the sun.        The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.  Two and two makes four.        No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。 （4）表将来： A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，so long as, where, whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。 例如：  I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.           Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.     I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go. B．按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。 The play begins at 6:30 this evening.   When does the plane take off?   He leaves for that city next week.  According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. 二、现在进行时：is / am / are + 现在分词 1．表示现在正在进行的动作。如 The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?     The workers are building a new bridge across the river. Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight（体重增加）。  2．表现阶段正进行的动作。 He is taking physics this semester.    We are preparing for our final examination this week. 3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。  Look! The bus is coming.    The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.  Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother. 4．与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩，赞赏或厌恶。 He is always thinking of others.  The boy is continually making noises. The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.（老师一直在批评她迟到。） 5．下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。 believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见） ，know（知道），understand （理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得），look（看起来）， seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来）， require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心），like（喜欢），hate（讨厌），love（喜爱）， detest（憎恨），desire（意欲） 注意：have a party / think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”。 三、一般过去时。 1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。 We visited the school last spring.     I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.  China was founded in 1949. 2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。 She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day. They would not leave until she came back.   My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision. 3．一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。） ● Her brother was a chemist.（已去世） ● Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在） ● That's all I had to say.（话已说完） ● That's all I have to say.（言之未尽） ● It was so nice to see you.（离别时用） ● It is so nice to see you.（见面时用） ● Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上） ● Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午） 四、过去进行时：where / was + 现在分词 1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.     When I arrived, they were watching TV.  They were doing housework this time last week. 2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。 She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.  I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast. 3．过去某时将发生的事。 They told me that they were leaving for New York.     He was going out when I arrived. 五、现在完成时：have / has + 过去分词 1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。 ● He hasn't seen her lately. ● I haven't finished the book yet. 2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）…… He has worked here for 15 years.     I have studied English since I came here. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.  So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother. 3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。 黄金要点： I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go, refuse（拒 绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒） ，buy，borrow，lend ...（背三遍！） II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。 II