GMAT语法总结

GMAT公理 1 在我们通常使用的there be句型中,以下几种表达必错。 1) there could be done sth. 2) there be sth. done 3) there being +名词词组 4) there be sth.(抽象性动作名词),如there was a transmission的表达不对。 一般来说GMAT中,there be仅用于“某处有某物”,而此物是一具体名词,如wolf, stone, star,而不是指一抽象名词:如conversion, relation等。 2 在表示某人有某种能力做某事的意思,最佳答案的选择依据是,can do>be able to do>has ability to do>has a capability to do...,有can do就不用含有be able to do的选项,在选项中不含有can do时,再找有be able to do的选项,依次类推。此条有待认定 3 在从句中,以下连接词或引导词值得特别注意 1)which(或代词it)绝不能指代前面整个句子 2)because不可引导名词性从句 3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略 绝大多数情况成立 4)if不可以引导名词性从句,如要表示“是否”,只能用whether引导 5)对不作为介词宾语的事物做限定修饰,只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句 4 在表“建议，命令，要求”意义的词之后的that从句,要求用虚拟语气动词,即动词原形,不加should 5 不可以单独使用this, these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词,而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词,或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式而且模糊的指代。如sth of this kind, like this/these等模糊表达均要用such + n (n即重复this, these所指代的对象)来取代,意为“这些...”。另外,在“such...that...”结构中,such只修饰具体名词,而不修饰抽象名词(如rapidity, severity) 6 不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词,而一般是用that of + n..结构指代或换用其他表达方式。如 I just borrowed a book from library yesterday, but now I cannot find it.此句中it=a book,但此处绝不可以用that来替换。并且在标准书面语中,that永远不能单独充当主语 7 当我们需要举例时,一律用such as结构,而不用like, like只能表示比较。 8 主动优先原则 9 在GMAT中关于being的以下使用不正确:1) being + n. （非主语）2) being + adj. （非主语）3) as being + n./adj./v-ing,因为在以上表达中being属于多余。one’s being done 也错 10 当我们对一动宾结构进行替换时,do + 代词(it/this/that/these/those等)在标准书面语中永远错,一律用do so 11 介词短语:on account of, because of, due to, as a result of,despite (in despite of),之后只跟简单的名词短语。若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从句形式。 12 几种简洁的表达方式: 1)n..that is (are) adj. 要换为adj.+ n.的名词短语结构,如:a man who is poor的选项必错,而应选含有a poor man的选项 2)当表示谓语部分,尤其时表示实义动词的含义时,就直接用其动词形式表示,而不要用名词形式或形容词形式表示,如:be a cause一定会被cause(动词)替代;be suggestive of就一定会被suggest所替代 3)一些常见词的替换方式:not any一定会被no替代; that which一定会被what替代; having been done会被done(做限定词)所替代 whether or not被 whether替代 13 平行结构的最后一个成分之前必定有一个连词and, or, neither, nor或as well as,否则此并列结构必然存在问题。如:to do A, do B, do C的表达就必然错误 14 选项中有rather than的优于含有instead of的选项 15 若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词,那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实战中,此原则可以转化为:不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项,立即排除。情态动词也不可随意添加,原句中没有情态动词,选项中有也为错误选项。 句子结构 1 主语从句只能使用陈述语序 ex: what I did was…… what did I do was……错 2 习惯搭配:it may well (很可能)be that…… 3 宾语从句的时态可以与主句谓语动词不一致。表示客观存在﹑科学事实﹑统计数据﹑研究结论﹑商业惯例等常用一般现在时。 4 表示建议﹑命令﹑要求的动词的宾语从句,使用动词原形表示虚拟语气(美国标准书面语中必须省略动词原形前的should) 1)表建议:advocate/advise/move(提出议案:按国会的程序作出正式提议)/recommend that…do…; sb. suggest/propose that…do… 2)表命令:order/decree/mandate/command that…do… 3)表要求:request/demand/insist that…do…; 下列动词后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气: sth. propose that...; sth.. suggest that 注意同sb. suggest/propose that…do…对比 5 介词后一般只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句,不可以接that引导的宾语从句。 ex. to which I look, from where I got 但有三个例外:but that, except that (=but that), in that (=because) 属于约定俗成的表达方式。 6 若宾语从句后跟有补语,通常用形式宾语it来代替:...make it clear that 7 if any:作插入成分,强调名词短语,意为“如果说有的话” 8 独立主格结构 1)独立主格结构放在句首或句尾,起状语作用,表伴随原因﹑条件﹑状态等。 2)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系,形式为: n．+ n.; n. + -ed/ing形式; n. + 介词短语;n. +形容词短语 3)with型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为: with + n. + -ed/ing形式; with + n. + adj.; with + n. + 介词短语 作状语修饰前一个分句的动作类型词 例:Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline. with引导的独立主格作状语就近修饰sleeping。 4)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为: 句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式。 例:Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame. 独立主格形式 n + n 与主句形成松散逻辑关系 9 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略。例如: Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved, ... (proved前省略了was) 注意:be able/unable to是be动词短语,在这个短语中be动词不是助动词,不能省略！ 例:A president entering the final two years of a second term is likely to be at a sever disadvantage and is often unable to carry out a legislative program. 10 believe的习惯搭配:believe + that从句;believe sth. to be; believe sth 错误用法:believe sth. sth.; believe sth. that... 11 动作的目的关系用to do表示,用for doing表达 错 12 动词的并列必须用连词连接 白勇 P16 7 13 not...but rather...比not...but...语气强 14 分号可以连接两个完整的主谓结构:like many others..., Mr. K lived in...(句子1);born into...and instructed in..., he also received...(句子2) 15 习惯用法:permit sb.to do sth. 16 习惯用法:phenomenon的定语从句的关联词只能使用in which 17 习惯用法:access to do access for sb.错 18 习惯用法:take turns doing 19 hopefully在口语种表达两个意思,1 充满希望的 2 人们希望的 在书面语中为保证意思的单一性,一般不使用hopefully 20 hope在书面语中的用法,it is hoped that...,it 作为形式主语指代后面的that从句;it is hoped作为插入语,前后用逗号隔开。Jack, it is hoped, will come on time. 21 such...that...; such后面必须加名词才能跟that搭配 OG 10th 20 22 习惯用法:except that + 主谓结构 except that can be broken 缺乏主语 23 习惯用法:举例子for instance/for example; such as + n./doing...; whether it is A or B or C 24 also是副词,不能连接两个介词短语,也不能起连词的作用 OG 10th 42 B,E选项 25 现在分词强调正在进行、强调动作,过去分词强调已经完成、强调状态 26 习惯用法:表达“关于...”倾向与用介词about/over,而不用concerning, with respect to 27 同位语从句连词that和宾语从句连词that不能省略 28 习惯用法:be responsible for sth.; be responsible for doing sth.; be responsible to sb. be responsible to do 错 29 习惯用法:one...another; each...the other; each other; some...others 30 代词it不能指代:介词短语(it would not be necessary for further rate increase);前面整个句子。it可以向后指代:主语从句(it is exciting that I ...);不定式短语(it is difficult to do...) 31 习惯用法:sth(物) propose + that从句(that从句不使用虚拟语气);sb.(人)propose + that 从句(从句必须使用动词原形表示虚拟语气);propose sb. to do (不能使用被动语态) 32 用词倾向性:无生命的所有格倾向于of sth. 而不倾向于用 sth’s 例:the terrain of the mountain而不使用 mountain’s terrain 33 用词倾向性:标准书面语中,倾向于用情态动词或probably表示可能,而不倾向于使用maybe或perhaps 三者倾向性probably>perhaps>maybe 34 doubt用肯定形式,可以由whether或that引导宾语从句,如I doubt whether we can success.; doubt用否定形式只能由that引导宾语从句,如 I have no doubt that the policy is due to failure. 35 宾语从句用陈述语序 如the study commissioned by J asks why litigants have ...; The study commissioned by J asks why do litigants have...错 同项目1对比 36 两者之间用between...and...,三者或三者以上之间用among 37 当主语和谓语之间没有任何插入语时,主谓语之间不能用逗号隔开。如architects and stonemasons, were the Maya...错 38 习惯用法:动词sell可以用主动的形式表示被动的含义,如sth.sell well表示什么东西卖得好。但当表示什么东西卖多少钱时必须使用被动语态:sth.be sold for... 39 介词with后面不能跟完整主谓结构 如 The capital of B, with population was 56600 40 逻辑意思中应该是“动作的目的”而不应该是“状态的目的”  HYPERLINK "OG10and11语法手册of%20超级菜鸟/39.doc" OG 10th 39 E选项 41 习惯搭配:target at 而不用target to 42 并列句主语相同,应该省略重复的主语  HYPERLINK "OG10and11语法手册of%20超级菜鸟/135.doc" OG 10th 135 选项A 43 两个句子并列,主语和系动词结构相同,第二个句子的主语和系动词必须省略 about whether obesity is a biological disorder posing serious health risks or (it is)a condition more related to appearance than to health. 44 省略结构一定要能还原:indicate there is one when it is not中,状语从句when it is not省略的表语无法还原,也就是说状语从句不能按语法承接there is one省略。正确说法indicate that it is present when it is not或 indicate there is one when there is not. 45 习惯用法:标准书面语中consider后面常省略to be和as,正确用法为:consider sth. sth.; consider sth. adj. 例:consider correc