2023届高考英语二轮专题英语科技类说明文高频词汇精讲讲义 （含答案）.doc

英语科技类说明文高频词汇精讲 原创汇编：Weng Dengtian 【作者的文档说明】科技报道与阐述类的英语阅读文章，词汇有其固有特点。了解并掌握词汇意义与内涵，有助于快速理解原文。本文档结合个人阅读体验、教学实践、高三毕业班应试训练体验而制作。文档展示词汇，均为其在科技类文章中常常呈现意义。 需要指出的是，此处列举单词的义项，并非其全部意义的总和。因此，读者总得结合上下文语境判断词汇意义。 subject 研究对象 sample (抽查的)样本，样品；（化验的）取样，样本；样品，货样 model 型号 business model 商业模式 computer modelling 使用计算机建立模型，以解释事理 Companies intentionally discontinue support for older models. model sth. on/after sth.to make sth. so that it looks, works, etc. like sth. else 模仿；仿照 The country's parliament is modelled on the British system. 这个国家的议会是模仿英国的体制建立的。 pattern A UK expert said that could explain different patterns in flu pandemics. individual differences 个体差异 version 版本 latest version the control 控制组（对照组） layer: 层 several layers of materials present 给 present…with… suggest: show, indicate context:背景 dose: 一剂，一服; 一份; 一次; 一点; 例如：one dose of penicillin HIV-negative HIV病毒检测结果为阴性，说明没有感染HIV。 HIV-positive 病毒检测结果为阳性 an alternative to anti- anti-theft; anti-air system collect: 取出 collect objects accidentally taken in presentation: 演示 disorder: a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning 失调；紊乱；不适；疾病 The doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder. severe mental disorder 严重心理疾病 rate: 1.[C] 速度；进度 a measurement of the speed at which sth. happens Most people walk at an average rate of 5 kilometres an hour. 大多数人步行的平均速度为每小时5公里。 The number of reported crimes is increasing at an alarming rate. 报警案件的数量正在以惊人的速度增长。 2.[C] 比率；率 a measurement of the number of times sth happens or exists during a particular period a high/low/rising rate of unemployment 高 / 低 / 不断增长的失业率 obesity rate 3.[C] 价格；费用 a fixed amount of money that is charged or paid for sth. exchange/interest rates 汇率；利率 advertising/insurance/postal, etc. rates 广告费、保险费、邮费等 present/pose a risk to 对……构成威胁 a link between video games and aggression administer: [often passive] ~ sth (to sb) (formal) 给予，施用（药物等） to give drugs, medicine, etc. to sb The dose was administered to the man intravenously. 已给那男人静脉注射了这一剂量。 find out the cause of change 起因 cause and effect 因果 improve mental performance 改善心理表现 students engage in an easy task. 从事简单任务的学生 （remarkable） individual differences（显著的）个体差异 figure 数值，数据 That figure could rise to 98 per cent by 2020. 描述心理现象的名词短语与解释示例:range anxiety——drivers’concerns about running out of electricity on a journey. change quite considerably performance and price 性能与价格 emission-free/fare-free免车费的 petrol-powered 使用汽油驱动的 pensioner 老年人的代称，或领取养老金者 instant messaging 即时信息（如QQ,微信等） governing body 管理机构 body 团体；社团；群体 As an international body charged with the mission of keeping world peace and development, the United Nations cannot operate without financial support from its member countries. Scotland’s University Courts are the only bodies in Scotland authorized to award degrees. regulate body shape and circulation regulate the global climate (用规则条例) 约束，控制，管理; 调节，控制(速度、压力、温度等); digital access 数字订阅（报纸、杂志等） subject to: “受限于……”，“服从于……”，“易受……”; “在……条件下”，“依照……”; “服从于……”，“隶属于……”，“使经受……” The competitors will be subject to random drug testing. 参赛者将要接受随机药检。 We are subject to the laws of the country. 我们受国家法律的约束。 We are all subject to powerful situational factors that largely control our behaviors. 我们都受到一些强势情境因素的影响，这些因素在很大程度上控制了我们的行为。 Frequency is subject to change without notice. Two of the groups were subjected to a 20-minute session of a light current to their brain. decline steadily 稳步下降 bear the costs of raising off-springs on their own 承担……费用 in the case of wolves and African wild dogs health care 卫生（健康）事业 reveal:揭示；展示 reveal the secret history reveal the fact that… The true beauty of Machu Picchu is finally revealed. The data revealed two separate public school systems in the city. Obesity researchers are revealing many other ways that employment is harmful to your diet and waistline hurdle to…… One hurdle to the widespread adoption of electric cars has been… electric charging stations 充电站 occasion: 某次; …的时候; 特别的事情(或仪式、庆典); 适当的机会; 时机 Young Japanese women wear kimonos not just on traditional occasions, but at various social events. Only on special occasions(场合)would they take the gold medal out and let us hold it in our hands. note: 1.留心;注意 If you take note of something, you pay attention to it because you think that it is important or significant. 2.指出；特别提到 point out to mention sth because it is important or interesting [V that] It is worth noting that the most successful companies had the lowest prices. 值得指出的是最成功的公司价格最低。 the former, the latter 前者，后者 alike: used after you have referred to two people or groups, to mean ‘both’ or ‘equally’。 两者都；同样地 Good management benefits employers and employees alike. 良好的管理对雇主和雇员同样有利。 The business has drawn criticism from animal welfare advocates and wildlife conservationists alike. simply put Simply put, using conversations removes the danger of conflicts. 简单地讲，使用对话消除了冲突的危险。 carbon footprint 是指企业机构、活动、产品或个人通过交通运输、食品生产和消费以及各类生产过程等引起的温室气体排放的集合。这个概念用于描述人的能源意识和行为对自然界产生的影响。 practice common practice seek better practices 寻求更好做法 modern scientific practices In practice, children who grow up in neighborhoods with low-performing elementary schools tend to go to low-performing middle schools. project v. 1. to estimate what the size, cost or amount of sth will be in the future based on what is happening now. 预测；预计；推想 同义词： forecast A growth rate of 8% is projected for next year. project changes a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the year 2. to present sb/sth./yourself to other people in a particular way, especially one that gives a good impression. 展现；表现；确立（好印象） advice on how to project a more positive image of their company. Every mental image that a written word projects is full of life and energy with emotions. Workers lack any awareness that they are handling dangerous materials. Increase your cultural awareness alone With the amount of waste growing around the world, recycling alone will not be enough to solve the problem. address v. address the problem given: 1.that you have stated and are discussing; particular 指定的；所述的；特定的 We can find out how much money is spent on books in any given period. 我们可以查明在特定时间内花在书籍上的钱有多少。 2. If you say given that something is the case, you mean taking that fact into account. 考虑到；鉴于 Given the uncertainty over Joe's future I was left with little other choice. 考虑到Joe前途未卜，我没有什么选择余地。 knowledge: [U] 知晓；知悉；了解 The film was made with the author's full knowledge and approval. 这部影片是在作者充分了解和认可的情况下拍摄的。 You should keep that knowledge to yourself. review: workplace performance review 工作表现绩效审核 strengths and weaknesses personality traits 人格特征 vary v. variation 1.（数量、水平等的）变化，变更，变异 a change, especially in the amount or level of sth very slight variations in pressure. 很微小的压力变化。 Currency exchange rates are always subject to variation. 货币的兑换率始終波动。 regional/seasonal variation (= depending on the region or time of year) 地区性 / 季节性变化 2. 变异的东西；变种；变体 Ocean color varies from green to blue , depending on the type and concentration of microorganism(海洋微生物). highlight 突出，强调 This study highlights that many questions remain and that studies need to investigate more than one factor. people of all ages, races, and socio-economic backgrounds a major factor/the biggest factors/many factors lead author of the research conduct trials We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. force: In a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛),everyone pulls the rope with force. literacy: the literacy rate 识字率 people from all walks of life assume: Their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. When the scientist started, he assumed that signs would be rarer. Although it’s assumed that older siblings and parents are the primary socializing influences on young siblings’ development but not vice versa, we found that both younger and older siblings positively contributed to each other’s empathy over time. Assuming an average repair cost of $1,000 per car and a downsize of six days, switching the colour of all taxis to yellow could produce an annual savings of $2 million. Once people