被动语态.doc

被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者(或执行者)；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词才能用于被动语态。例如：例如：许多人都踢足球。Many people play football. （主动语态）Football is played by many people. （被动语态）一、被动语态的构成被动语态是由“be+过去分词”构成的，如果需强调动作或行为的发出者时，在其后接“by ...”，意为“被……”。这里be是助动词，必须与主语的人称和数相一致，并有时态的变 化(be有时也可以使用get, become等词来代替)。1.被动语态的句型肯定句：主语+be+过去分词+(by...)否定句：主语+be not+过去分词+(by...)一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词+(by...)?特殊问句：疑问词+be+过去分词+(by...)?这里be决定了被动语态的时态，be后面的过去分词没有变化。2.被动语态的八种时态(1)一般现在时：am (is, are)+过去分词Football is played all over the world.足球运动遍及全世界。English isn't spoken by people here.这里的人不说英语。(2)一般过去时：was (were)+过去分词These new books were published last month.这些新书是上个月刚出版的。Were these computers made in the U.S.A.?这些电脑是美国造的吗?(3)一般将来时：will be+过去分词Prof. Wang will be asked to attend the lecture.王教授将被邀请参加讲座。That film will be directed by Zhang Yimou.那部电影将由张艺谋执导。(4)现在进行时：am (is, are)+being+过去分词A new free way from Beijing to Shanghai is being built now.一条从北京到上海的新的高速公路正在建设之中。I'm slowly being driven mad by the noise of passing plane.我正在慢慢地被过往飞机的噪音逼得发疯。(5)过去进行时：was (were)+being+过去分词The wounded was being operated by Prof. Wang this time yesterday.昨天这时候，那伤员正由王教授做手术。The car wasn't being repaired by me then.那时这辆车不是由我修的。(6)现在完成时：have (has)+been+过去分词The graduates in the university have been sent to work all over t he country.这所大学的毕业生已被派往全国各地工作。Has the bridge in Yangzhou been built?扬州的那座大桥建成了吗?(7)过去完成时：had+been+过去分词The bridge had been built by the end of 1998.那座桥1998年年底以前就建好了。Supper had not been cooked when I got there last time.上次我到那儿时，晚饭还没有做。(8)过去将来时：would+be+过去分词She told me that a new English teacher would be sent to our class in a week.她告诉我一周以后要给我们班派一位新的英语老师来。They asked the mayor what would be done to control the water pollution.他们问市长将采取什么措施控制水污染。3.由情态动词构成的被动语态这种被动语态的结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词The car she drove into the post can't be repaired.那辆她撞在电杆上的车修不好了。All these exercises must be finished before school is over.所有这些习题必须在放学以前做完。The music of the film may be composed by him.这部电影的音乐可以让他进行创作。This sketch of the building ought to be corrected immediately.大楼的这张图纸应该马上修改。4.含有双宾语的句子的被动语态有一些动词如give, buy等，后面常跟两个宾语--直接宾语和间接宾语；通常直接宾语指 物，间接宾语指人；指物或指人的宾语都可以作为被动句子的主语。例如：He gave her a painting.他给了她一幅画。→She was given a painting by him.(以人she作主语)→A painting was given (to) me by him.(以物作主语)She told me the reason just now.她刚才告诉了我原因。→I was told the reason by her.(以人I作主语)→The reason was told (to) me by her.(以事作主语)Father bought him a computer.爸爸给他买了一台电脑。→A computer was bought for him(by father).(以物作 主语)→He was bought a computer (by father).(以人作主语，虽语法正确，但实际不这样使用。)将这些带双宾语的动词背下来：1.动词后加to的：give 给，show 给……看， send 寄， bring 带……， pass 递给……，lend……借给， leave 留给……， hand…… 交给……， tell 告诉，return 归还， write 写给……， throw 扔……， promise 答应，refuse 拒绝……；2.动词后加for的：pay 付钱给……， buy 买， sing 给……唱歌， make 制，做， do 做， get 得到。5.含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态有一些动词如make，call等，常伴有定语补足语(或称为复合宾语)；在变为被动语态时，宾 补的位置不变。He named the baby(宾) Lily(宾补).他给这个婴儿起名叫莉莉。The baby was named(谓语)Lily(宾补)(by him).(莉莉的位置不变)The teacher made me(宾)help you with your English(宾补).老师让我帮助你学英语。I was made(谓语)to·help you with y our English.( 宾补)(by the teacher)（“帮助你学英语”的位置不变）注意：所有要求不定式作宾语补足语而不带to的动词，包括感官 动词see, hear, watch, feel, look at, listen to及使役动词make, let, have和动词help,在变为被动语态时，还要把to加上。例如：I saw him(宾) enter the Room 102(宾补).He was seen(谓语)to enter the Room 102(宾补).我看见他进入102室。(他被看见进入了102室。)6.不及物动词+介词或副词的被动语态形式有一些不及物动词，其后接上一个介词或副词以后形成一个动词短语，这个短语的作用和一 个及物动词一样，在变为被动语态时，一定不要把介词或副词去掉。They laughed at her.他们都笑话她。→She was laughed at (by them).Who is taking care of your baby?谁在照看你的孩子?→Who is your baby being taken care of by?They cut down many trees every year.他们每年砍下很多的树。→Many trees are cut down (by them) every year.Someone turned on the radio.有人把收音机打开了。→The radio was turned on (by someone)People often make fun of him.人们常常取笑他→He is often made fun of (by people).必背：把下面这些动词短语背熟：begin with  以……开始catch up with   赶上fall behind  落后fight about  为……而战斗find out  弄清楚jump into  跳入laugh at  嘲笑某人，learn from  向某人学习listen to  注意听……，look after  照顾，关照……look at  看……，look for  寻找……look in  查看……，look like  看起来像……pass on to  传递某物给……，pay for  为……付钱point at  指向……，put on  穿，戴,put out  扑灭，send for  派人去请……send up  发射，发送，take off  脱下talk about  谈论某事，talk to (sb.)  与某人交谈turn on (off)  打开，(关上)，wait for  等待worry about  为……而担心，write down  记下，写下7 被动语态的“by +宾语”的省略被动误态句式中的“by +宾语”表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者，但是在遇到以下情况时，表示动作执行者的“by +宾语”常常被省略。① 动作执行者不确定时，省略byMany people are killed in traffic accident every year.每年有很多人死于交通事故。② 不必表明动作执行者时，省略byThe sports meet has been put off until next Monday.运动会被延期至下星期一。③ 动作执行者一般大众时，省略byBoth English and Spain are spoken in this area.在这个地区，英语和西班牙语都通用。特别注意：下面这些动词短语本身已经是被动形式，不再需要加“ by...”。be interested in  对……感兴趣be made of(from)  由……而制成be covered with   以……覆盖着be surprised at  对……感到惊奇二、被动语态的基本用法1.需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。Magazines and newspapers in the reading-room