365文库
登录
注册
福利来袭，限时免费在线编辑
转Pdf
下载我编辑的
下载原始文档
收藏
对坐看日升日落
上传于：2024-12-25
FourGreatInventionsofAncientChinaprintingBlockPrintingWiththeinventionsofpaperandinkstampergraduallybecamepopularduringtheJinDynasty265420whichwastheearlyformofCarvedTypePrintingBlockPrintingfirstappearedintheTangDynasty618907ThetextwasfirstwrittenonapieceofthinpaperthengluedfacedownontoawoodenplateThecharacterswerecarvedouttomakeawoodblockprintingplatewhichwasusedtoprintthetextWoodblockprintingtookalongtimeasanewblockhadtobecarvedforeverypageinabookIttookalotoftimeandenergyaswellasmaterialstoprepareforprintingabookbutitworkedmoreeffectivelyafterwardsThistechnologywasgraduallyintroducedtoKoreaJapanVietnamandthePhilippinesYetBlockPrintinghaditsdrawbacksalltheboardsbecameuselessaftertheprintingwasdoneandasinglemistakeincarvingcouldruinthewholeblockThefrontispieceoftheworldsoldestsurvivingbooktheDiamondSutraprintedintheyear868wasdiscoveredatDunhuangCavealongtheSilkRoadThebookintheformofarollistheearliestwoodcutillustrationinaprintedbookMovableTypePrintingBlockPrintingwasacostlyandtimeconsumingprocessforeachcarvedblockcouldonlybeusedforaspecificpageofaparticularbookbesidesasinglemistakeincarvingcouldruinthewholeblockHowevermovabletypechangedallofthatIntheSongDynasty9601279amannamedBiShengcarvedindividualcharactersonidenticalpiecesoffineclayEachpieceofmovabletypehadonitoneChinesecharacterwhichwascarvedinreliefonasmallblockofmoistenedclayAftertheblockhadbeenhardenedbyfirethetypebecamehardanddurableandcouldbeusedwhereverrequiredThepiecesofmovabletypecouldbegluedtoanironplateandeasilydetachedfromtheplateEachpieceofcharactercouldbeassembledtoprintapageandthenbrokenupandredistributedasneededWhentheprintingwasfinishedthepieceswereputawayforfutureuseBytheyear1000pagedbooksinthemodernstylehadreplacedscrollsTwocolorprintingblackandredwasseenasearlyas1340ThistechnologythenspreadtoKoreaJapanVietnamandEuropeLaterGermanJohannGutenberginventedmovabletypemadeofmetalinthe1440sMovableTypePrintingdevelopedveryfastBasedonclaytypetypemadeofwoodleadtinandcoppergraduallyappearedFourGreatInventionsofAncientChinaGunpowderTheinventionofgunpowderhadacloserelationshipwiththeadvancedancientworkmanshipofsmeltingindustryPeoplebegantoknowalotofchemistryknowledgeaboutthenatureofdifferentmineralmaterialsduringtheprocessofsmeltingoperationWiththeknowledgeancientnecromancerstriedtoseektheelixirofimmortalityfromcertainkindsoforesandfuelAlthoughtheyfailedtogetwhattheywerelookingfortheydiscoveredthatanexplosivemixturecouldbeproducedbycombiningsulfurcharcoalandsaltpeterpotassiumnitrateThismixturefinallyledtotheinventionofgunpowderalthoughitsexactdateofinventionstillremainsunknowManyhistoricalmaterialsindicatethatgunpowderfirstappearedbeforetheTangDynasty618907From300to650ADseveralrecipeswerewrittenaboutinflammablemixturesSomehistoriansdatetheinventionofgunpowderat850ADwhenaTaoistbookwarnedofthreespecificelixirformulasastoodangeroustoexperimentThemilitaryapplicationsofgunpowderbeganintheTangDynastyExplosivebombsfilledwithgunpowderandfiredfromcatapultswereusedinwarsDuringtheSongandYuandynasties9601368themilitaryapplicationsofgunpowderbecamecommonandsomeotherweaponslikefirecannonrocketmissileandfireballwereintroducedIntheYuanDynasty12791368themethodofpowdermakingwasintroducedtotheArabworldandEuropebringingaseriesofrevolutionstoweaponmanufacturingaswellastostratagemandtacticsonthebattlefieldFromItalythemakingofgunpowdersoonspreadtootherEuropeancountriesandbythe1350sithadbecomeaneffectiveweapononthebattlefieldFourGreatInventionsofAncientChinaPaper来源英语麦当劳wwwEnglishCNcomChinawasthefirstnationwhoinventedpaperTheearliestformofpaperfirstappearedintheWesternHanDynasty206BC23ADbutthepaperwasgenerallyverythickcoarseandunevenintheirtexturemadefrompoundedanddisintegratedhempfibersThepaperunearthedinaHantombinGansuProvinceisbyfartheearliestexistingancientpapertracingbacktotheearlyWesternHanDynastyIntheEasternHanDynasty25220acourtofficialnamedCaiLunmadeanewkindofpaperfrombarkhempragsfishnetwheatstalksandothermaterialsItwasrelativelycheaplightthindurableandmoresuitableforbrushwritingTheartofpapermakingspreadeasttoKoreaandJapanatthebeginningoftheseventhcenturytheendoftheSuiDynastyandthebeginningoftheTangDynastyIntheeighthcenturyalongwiththeSilkRoadtheArabcountriesbegantolearnhowtomakepaperIttookabout400yearsforpapertotraversetheArabworldtoEuropeInthe14thcenturymanypapermillswereestablishedinItalyfromwheretheworkmanshipofpapermakingspreadtotheEuropeancountriessuchasGermanyTheItaliansvigorouslyproducedthematerialandexportedlargeamountsofitdominatingtheEuropeanmarketformanyyearsInthe16thcenturytheartofpapermakingappearedinRussiaandHollandanditspreadtoBritaininthe17thcentury来源英语麦当劳httpwwwEnglishCNcomBeforepaperwasinventedQinShihuangthefirstemperorinChinesehistoryhadtogoover120kilosofofficialdocumentswrittenonbambooorwoodenstripsWiththeinventionofpaperthepopularizationofknowledgehasturnedintorealityTheinventionofpaperisanepochmakingeventinhumanhistoryFourGreatInventionsofAncientChinaCompassEarlyintheSpringandAutumnPeriod770476BCwhileminingoresandmeltingcopperandironChinesepeoplechanceduponanaturalmagnetitethatattractedironandpointedfixedlynorthIntheWarringStatesPeriod206BC23ADafterconstantimprovementtheroundcompasscameintobeingReferredtoasaSouthpointerthespoonorladleshapedcompassisofmagneticlodestoneandtheplateisofBronzeThecircularcenterrepresentsHeavenandthesquareplaterepresentsEarthThehandleofthespoonpointssouthThespoonisasymbolicrepresentationoftheGreatBearTheplatebearsChinesecharacterswhichdenotetheeightmaindirectionsofnorthnortheasteastetcThistypeofcompasshasbeenscientificallytestedandfoundtoworktolerablywellBythetimeoftheTangdynasty618907andthebeginningoftheNorthernSongDynasty9601127ChinesescholarshaddevisedawaytomagnetizeironneedlesbyrubbingthemwithmagnetiteandthensuspendingtheminwaterTheyalsoobservedthatneedlescooledfromredheatandheldinthenorthsouthorientationtheearthsaxiswouldbecomemagneticThesemorerefinedneedlecompassescouldthenbefloatedinwaterwetcompassplaceduponapointedshaftdrycompassorsuspendedfromasilkthreadetcConsequentlytheyweremuchmoreusefulfornavigationpurposessincetheyweremuchmoreportableDuringtheSongDynasty9601279manytradingshipswerethenabletosailasfarasSaudiArabiawithoutgettinglostThecompasswasintroducedtotheArabworldandEuropeduringtheNorthernSongDynastyThespreadofthecompasstoEuropeopenedtheoceansoftheworldtotravelandledtothediscoveryoftheNewWorld