句子成分及其基本句型
一、句子成分
主 谓 宾 表 定 状 补
1.主语——“是什么”或“是谁”。在句首。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当:
(1)Lucy is a beautiful nurse. (名词作主语)
(2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语)
(3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
(4)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语)
(5)What we should do is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
2.谓语——“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。 在主语后面。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致:
(1)His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语)
(2)We study hard. (行为动词作谓语)
(3)We don’t finish reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
(4)He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
3.宾语——动作、行为的对象。一般在谓语(及物动词)之后。由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任:
(1)She is doing her homework now.(名词作宾语)
(2)She says(that)she is ill.(宾语从句作动词宾语)
(3)We often help him.(代词作宾语)
(4)He likes to play basketball.(不定式作宾语)
(5)We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)
★宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。(双宾)
(1)通常:“前间后直”
间接宾语指人
直接宾语指物
可跟双宾的动词
give
show(给……看)
bring
pass
buy
①Your teacher tells us a story.
②The sun gives us light.
(2)“前直+“to”或“for”+后间”
“前直+“to” +后间”
give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等
“前直+“for”+后间”
make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等
练一练
(1)I give him a book. 改成:
(2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。) 改成:
(3)He writes me a letter. 改成:
(4)He will buy me some books. 改成:
(5)She is making me a cake. 改成:
4. 表语——“是什么”或者“怎么样”。 在系动词后面。由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。
(1)I am a teacher.(名词)
(2)He is always happy.(形容词)
(3)They are on the playground now.(介词短语)
(4)It gets cold.(形容词)
Be动词(am,is,are, was, were)
系动词 表保持(keep, stay, remain)
表改变(get, become, turn)
感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell)
Eg:It sounds interesting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)
We should all remain careful.(remain为系动词, careful为表语)
5.定语——修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等作定语:
①一个词+需修饰的名词:
Eg: The black bike is mine.(形容词)
What’s your name?(代词)
They make paper flowers.(名词)
②不定代词(nothing, anything, everything, something等)+定语
Eg: I tell him something interesting.
He has something to do.
③名词+短语或从句
Eg: The boys in the room are in Class Four.
6.状语——修饰动词、形容词、副词。(时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等),一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。
Eg: He did it carefully.(副词)
We often help him.(副词)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语)
When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(从句作时间状语)
He sits there.(副词地点状语)
7.宾语补足语——补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语+语补足语=复合宾语。
Eg: They make her happy.(形容词)
I see her dance.(不定式)
We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.(名词)
Please let him in.(副词)
二、五种简单句
主+谓(不及物动词)
The sun rises. 太阳升起来。
The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。
主+谓(及物动词)+宾
I love my country.
He helps me.
I like action movies.
I buy a book.
主+系+表
Her brother is a driver.
We feel happy.
It gets dark.天黑了。
Tom looks ill.
主+谓(及物动词)+直宾+间宾
He gives Tom a present.
Mother make a new dress for me.
主+谓(及物动词)+宾+宾补
They call her Mary. She always makes us laugh.
We make our classroom clean and tidy.
课后练习:
一、找出下面要求的句子成分。
1. 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother doesn't do his homework. A B C D② People all over the world speak English. A B C D 2. 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man is feeling very tired. A B C D② Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D 3. 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D
② What is your given name? A B C D
4. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
② He asks her to take the boy out of school. A B C D
5. 挑出下列句中的状语
① There is a big smile on her face. A B C D② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D 6. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
感叹句
一、知识点梳理
1. 感叹句的定义
感叹句是一种表示强烈感情的句式,能表达喜悦、愤怒、悲哀、惊奇、厌恶和赞赏的思想感情。
What a beautiful flower it is! (表示赞赏)多漂亮的花啊!
What nonsense! (表示愤怒)胡说!
How strange they are! (表示惊奇)多奇妙呀!
2. 感叹句:What引导
以what开头的感叹句的结构模式:What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + (主语 + 谓语) + !
What beautiful roses (they are)! 多么美丽的玫瑰花呀!
What a lovely day (it is)! 多好的天气呀!
What a clever boy (he is)! 多么聪明的孩子!
3. 感叹句:How引导
以how开头的感叹句的结构模式:
How + 形容词/副词+(主语 + 谓语)+ !
How + 形容词+(a/an)+ 名词 +(主语 + 谓语) + !
How blue the sky is! 天空多么蓝啊!
How clever he is! 他多么聪明呀!
How quickly you walk! 你走得多快呀!
How smart a boy he is! 他是多么聪明的一个男孩啊!
4. 感叹句:疑问句形式
有些感叹句采用一般疑问句的形式表示,以否定词开头,标点符号用感叹号,在口语中用降调。
Aren't you working hard! 你干得多么起劲哪!
Didn't she sing well! 她唱得真好!
5. 感叹句:陈述句形式
陈述句只要改变原来的语调,即可构成感叹句。
It was such a nice party! 那是多么好的聚会呀!
The garden looks so lovely today! 今天花园显得多么可爱呀!
The house is on fire! 房子着火啦!
6. 感叹句:单词,短语
感叹句有时可以用单词或短语表达。
Fire! 着火啦!Good heavens! 天哪!Listen! 听!Look! 看!
感叹句巧解:感叹句要看后面,即看形容词后的东东,
1) 若形容词后紧跟可数名词单数,就用what a/an;是不可数名词或可数名词复数,只用what。
2)若形容词后后紧跟a/an/the/my/your/this/that/Tom’s等等乱七八糟的东西,想都不用想,直接用how就OK了。如:
例句1:What a good boy he is! 他是个多么好的男孩啊!
/ \
形容词 单数名词
例句2:What good boys they are! 他们是多么好的男孩啊!
/ \
形容词 复数名词
例句3:What cold weather it is! 多么冷的天气啊!
/ \
形容词 不可数名词
例句4:How good the boy is! 这男孩多好啊!
/ \
形容词 乱糟糟
★★★ 若没有形容词,而出现副词或是句子,直接用how.
例:How well he plays the guitar! 他吉他弹得多好啊!
/
副词 (what不可以修饰副词,看到副词直接用how)
1)How time flies! 2)How fast Liu Xiang runs
打油诗一首: 感叹句往后看
形容词后是名单
就用what a或what an
形后若是不可数或名复数
只用what就可以
形容词后乱糟糟
只写how就OK了
祈使句
一、知识点梳理
(一)祈使句的句式特征
1.对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。
2.句中一般没有主语。
3.在前或句末可加上please,以使句子的语气更加缓和或客气。
4.一般没有时态的变化,也不能与情态动词连用。
如:Keep off the grass!勿踩草地!
Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。
(二)祈使