初中英语基础知识句子成分分析.doc

专题一 句子成分 1.主语：动作的发出者，或：一个句子中的陈述对象。 He laughed. Swimming is interesting. 拓展： He laughs best who laughs last. （人称代词和关系代词） Swimming is interesting. （动名词作主语） His words are true. （名词作主语） What he said is true. （主语从句） 2.谓语：主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。 He is lying on the ground. （动词作谓语,表示：主语状态） 拓展： He is crying now. （谓语动词：现在进行时） I have seen the movie before. （谓语动词：现在完成时） 3.宾语：动作的对象或承受者或内容。 I love English. 拓展： I love him. （代词作宾语） I love dancing. （动名词作宾语） I want to see you. （不定式作宾语） I believe your words. （名词作宾语） I believe what you said. （从句，即宾语从句） 4.宾补：补充、说明宾语的成分。 He gradually found English interesting. We all choose him monitor. 拓展： He gradually found English interesting. （形容词） We all choose him monitor. （名词） The hotel makes me at ease. （介词短语） The teacher told me to leave at once. （不定式） Can you see the girl dancing over there? （现在分词） I saw the boy taken to the office. （过去分词） 怎么辨别“主—谓—宾—宾”和“主—谓—宾—宾补”？ 宾语和宾补之间其实是主谓关系。 He calls me uncle.[→I am his uncle] I saw him taken away.[→He was taken away.] I found him in the room.[→He was in the room.] 而两个宾语之间不存在主谓关系： He gave me a book.[不能理解为：*I am a book.] 5.表语：说明主语的身份、特征、状态的成分,位于系动词后面。 He is a teacher. He is tired. 拓展： He is a teacher. (名词) My hobby is swimming. (动名词) He looks nice. (形容词) My suggestion is that you start at once. (表语从句) 表语通常位于系动词后。英语中有哪些系动词呢？ “是”:be, prove, turn out; remain; stay; keep; “变得”：become, get, turn, go, fall; “感官”:feel, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, appear 系动词具有哪些特征呢？ ①后面通常跟形容词不跟副词。比较： She looks beautiful. She sings beautifully. ②不用被动形式。 错误：The dish is tasted delicious. 正确：The dish tastes delicious. 错误：Tasted nice, the dish was eaten up quickly. 正确：Tasting nice, the dish was eaten up quickly. 6.定语：修饰制名词的成分。 He is a careful driver. 拓展： Our chemistry teacher put a kind of chemical substance on the desk. （名词；形容词） He is a careful driver. （形容词） He is a driver who drives carefully. （定语从句） I know the boy wearing a jacket. （现在分词短语） I like the boy who is wearing a jacket. （定语从句） I like the books written by Lu Xun. （过去分词短语） I like the books that were written by Lu Xun. （定语从句） 7.状语：修饰制动词、形容词和句子的成分。 I visited the Great Wall yesterday. (时间状语) 拓展： He studies hard. (副词) He could dance at the age of seven. (介词短语) He could dance when he was seven. (从句) I am sorry for coming late. (介词短语) I am sorry because I am late. (从句) 8.同位语：句子中指代同一事物的另外一个名词短语或名词性从句。 I am Li Hua, Chairman of the Students’ Union. （名词作同位语） The fact that the earth moves around the sun is well-known. （同位语从句作同位语） 拓展： Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of mine. (名词短语) We students should respect teachers. (名词短语) Longhu Lake, the largest lake in Henan, attracts many visitors every year. (名词短语) He made a promise that he would give me a bike on my birthday. ( 同位语从句) 判断同位语：若两个名词性成分之间加个be成立，则二者为同位关系。 9.插入语：插入语是插在句子中独立于其他成分的一个词、短语、或从句。 Reading will, no doubt, enlarge your vocabulary. 拓展： Generally/ In general/ Generally speaking, the more you eat, the fatter you will be. To make matters worse, he failed again. Reading, no doubt, can broaden our horizons. 插入语通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开,与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。 专题二 简单句 1.简单句：只有一个主语部分和谓语部分的句子叫简单句。有五大基本句型： ①主—谓：He left. ②主—谓—宾：He left Beijing. ③主—谓—宾—宾：He left his son a large fortune. ④主—谓—宾—宾补：The earthquake left many people homeless. ⑤主—系—表：He is tall. “系—表”结构也叫谓语部分。 拓展： 不难看出：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。 2.省略句 在口语中，上文已经出现的信息或者谈话双方都知道的信息不必重复；这就形成了省略句。 下面的句子属于哪种句型？ ① Good idea! ② Good morning! ③ Sounds great! ④ How clever! ⑤ Any other questions? ⑥ Stand up! 【答案】 ①“主—系—表”，前面省略了It is a ②“主—系—表”，前面省略了It is a ③“主—系—表”，前面省略了It ④“主—系—表”，后面省略了you are ⑤“主—谓—宾”，前面省略了Do you have ⑥“主—谓”，前面省略了You Test 1 压缩句子 找句子主干；判断简单句的“五大基本句型”。 1. The naughty boy, after hearing the news, left angrily. 2. Li Hua, chairman of the Students’ Union, gave a wonderful speech yesterday. 3. My dear mother, to my surprise, bought me an expensive bike on my birthday. Test 2 单句改错 语法规则：一个句子必须有一个谓语动词。“群龙不可无首！ 1. My computer on the desk. 2. Today Monday. 3. Look! The girl dancing over there. 4. That book written by Lu Xun. 5. My school near my home. 【答案】1.computer后加is；2.Today后加is；3.girl后加is；4.book后加was；5.school后加is。 Test 3 单句改错 语法规则：一个句子不能超过一个谓语动词。“一山不容二虎”！ 1. Learn English is hard. 2. Play basketball is my hobby. 3. I want see you. 4. I am like English. 【答案】1.Learn→Learning；2.Play→Playing；3.see→to see； 4. am 重要的事情说三遍：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。 拓展： 【误】Today is Sunday, we have no classes. 【正】Today being Sunday, …. 【误】Weather permits, we will pay a visit to the park. 【正】Weather permitting, …. 【误】There are fifty students in our class, half of them are girls. 【正】There are fifty students in our class, half of them being girls. 【误】Class was over, all the students went home. 【正】Class being over,… 【误】Their homework had been finished, they went home. 【正】Their homework finished,… 以上由“名词+非谓语动词”结构，叫独立主格结构。 专题三 复合句 I.两个或多个简单句，由连词连接起来的后组成的句子叫复合句。 II.由并列连词and； but；yet；or；for(因为)；so(所以)；while（而）连接的两个或多个句子，叫并列复合句；简称并列句。 He likes English but/and/while I like Chinese. He put on his clothes and went out. III.由从属连词hen；while（当…时）；what；because；as；since；after；even if；before；until；although；though等连接的两个或多个句子，叫从属复合句。 I have lived in China since I was born. （时间状语从句） Because it rained yesterday, many students were absent. （原因状语从句） This is the best film that I have ever seen. (定语从句) 拓展： 为什么两个句子要有连词连接？ 逗号表示停顿，没有连接作用；当然，分号、破折号可以连接两个句子。 【误】Today is Sunday, we have no classes. 【正】Today is Sunday, so/and ….（并列句） 【正】Because today is Sunday,….（原因状语从句） 【误】Weather permits, we will pay a visit to the park. 【正】If weather permits, …（条件状语从句） 【误】There are fifty students in our class, half of them are girls. 【正】There are fifty students in our class, and…(并列句) 【正】There are fifty students in our class, half of whom