2022年高中英语构词法讲义---掌握构词法，开学背单词不用愁素材.doc

【英语语法】掌握构词法，开学背单词不用愁 一、转换法 在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫转化法。 1. 动词转化为名词 Let me have a try. 让我试试。 They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school. 在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。 2. 名词转化为动词 He shouldered his way through the crowd. 他用肩膀推开人群前进。 The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water. 厨房传来的气味使他口水直流。 3. 形容词转化为动词 We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 They tried to perfect the working conditions. 他们努力改善工作条件。 4. 形容词转化为名词 He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不辨是非。 5. 形容词转化为副词 How long have you lived there? 你在那儿住多久了？ 6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词 Warm clothes are a must in the mountains. 穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。 Life is full of ups and downs. 人生有得意时也有失意时。 His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。 二、合成法 由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫合成法，合成的词叫合成词。合成词一般能看其词，知其意。 1. 合成名词 名词/代词+名词 newspaper, blood-test 动词+名词/名词+动词 typewriter, pickpocket, daybreak 形容词+名词 greenhouse, highway 副词+名词 overcoat, outside 名词+v-ing/v-ing+名词 handwriting, reading-room, stepping-stone 动词+副词/副词+动词 breakthrough, get-together, outbreak, outcome 名词+介词+名词 sister-in-law, editor-in-chief 2. 合成形容词 名词+形容词/形容词+名词 world-famous, duty-free, large-scale, long-term 副词+形容词 over-anxious, evergreen 名词+过去分词 man-made, sun-burnt 名词+现在分词 peace-loving, English-speaking 形容词+现在分词 good-looking, easy-going 副词+过去分词 well-informed, well-known 副词+现在分词 hardworking, far-reaching 形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted, absent-minded 数词+名词+ed three-legged, ten-storied 数词+名词 one-way, five-star 数词+名词+形容词 ten-year-old, 800-meter-long 名词+to+名词 face-to-face, door-to-door 3. 合成动词 名词+动词 baby-sit, sleepwalk 副词+动词 outnumber, underestimate, overwork 形容词+动词 whitewash 4. 合成副词 形容词+名词 meanwhile, anyway 形容词+副词 everywhere, anyhow 副词+副词 however 介词+名词 beforehand, overhead 介词+副词 forever 5. 合成代词 代词宾格+self/selves herself, themselves 物主代词+self/selves myself, yourselves 形容词+名词 anything, nothing 6. 合成介词 副词+名词 inside, outside 介词+副词 without, within 副词+介词 into 三、派生法 由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。 1. 前缀：除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。 (1) 表示否定意义的前缀 un- unhappy, unfinished, undress dis- disagree, disbelieve in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m, b, p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate, illegal, impolite, imbalance, irregular mis- misbehave, mislead, mistake non- nonstop, nonsmoker (2) 表示其他意义的前缀 en-“使……” enrich, enlarge, encourage inter-“相互” international, intercontinental re-“再，又，重” rethink, retell, recycle tele-“远程的” telescope, telephone, telegraph auto-“自动的” automatic, automobile co-“共同” coworker, cooperate, coexist anti-“反对，抵抗” antiwar, antifreeze, antinuclear multi-“多” multistory, multicultural, multicolor bi-“双，二” bicycle, bilingual, bilateral micro-“极小的，微小的” microwave, microcomputer over-“太多，过分” overwhelm, overdose, overproduction self-“自己，本身” self-centered, self-confident, self-control under-“在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate 2. 后缀 (1) 形容词后缀 -able“可……的，具有……的” acceptable, drinkable, knowledgeable, reasonable -al“与……有关的”