英国历史与政治 英国历史是一部被入侵的历史

“Early British history was a history of invasion.” 1Early settlers(5000BG~55BC) 1The first known settlers in Britain were lberians,they are short,dark,and long-headed，The long barrow and the Stonehenge are the evidence of their existence. 2:At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland 3The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.The firat wave were the Gaels-came about 600BC.The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400BC.The third wave were the Belgas-came about 150BC.The Celts are great farmers and the Celts are ancestors of the Scots,lrish and Welsh. 1Roman Britain(55BC~410AD) 1'British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.In 55BC and 54BC ,Julius Caesara Roman general,invaded Britain twice.In AD 43,the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.For nearly 400 years,Britain was under the Roman ”occupation,though it was never a total occupation.Because some parts of the country resisted and Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire.  The Roman built many towns,roads,baths,temples and buildings.they make good use of Britains natural resources.they also brought the religion,Christanity to Britain.But Rome had little influence on Britain， First，the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second，never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. IAAnglo-Saxon Times(446~871) TIn the mid-5n century a new wave of invaders Jutes ,Saxons and Angles came to Britain.They were there Teutonic tribes. 2.Heptarchy:7 kingdoms:Northumbria,Kent,Mercia,East Anglia,Essex,Sussex,Wessex. 3'The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall，Wales，Scotland and Ireland， In 597，Pope Gregory 1 sent St Augustine，the Prior of St Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity，In 579 St，Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of  the monks in the north . 4.The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly， they devised the narrow-strip，three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system，Finally，they created the Witan( council or meeting ofthe wisemen ) to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. IV The Viking and Danish Invasions 1The _ Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked England from the end of the 8 century.They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially 835-878， They even captured York, an important center of Christianity in 867.In mid-9th century, the Vikings and the Danes posed a threat