虚拟语气 学案.doc

虚拟语气 概念：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。 应用条件：在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法、愿望、假想、猜测、怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。 条件状语从句的虚拟语气 　　条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。如： 　　If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。（真实） 　　If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实） 　　If I were you, I would go at once. 如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不是你。非真实，虚拟语气） If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。非真实，虚拟语气） 动词形式及用法： 1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式： 时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 将来 动词过去式(be用were) should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形   would/should/might/could+动词原形 现在 动词过去式(be用were) would/should/might/could+动词原形 过去 had +动词过去分词 would/should/might/could have+动词过去分词 2. 条件句中的虚拟语气的举例： (1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气，表示对将来情况的主观推测。如： If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。 If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。 If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。 (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的情况。如： If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，他会帮助我们的。 If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。 (3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的情况。如： If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。 If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。 3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题： (1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如： Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。 If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。 (2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如： If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 ③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如： If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。 If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。 (3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如： Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。 (4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如： I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。 But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。 (5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 ①省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。 ②省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。   其他状语从句的虚拟语气 1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 (1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形，并且 should不能省略。 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。 He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 (2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。如： He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。 2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气 (1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如： Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。 Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。 (2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： ① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如： We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 ② may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如： You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。 (3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should+动词原形，主句结构不限。如： Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。 Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。 3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气 as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为： 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构 发生在主句动作之前 had + 过去分词 与主句动作同时发生 过去时(be 用were ) 发生在主句动作之后 would / could / might / should+原形动词 例如： They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。 He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。 4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气 amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： ① should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如： He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。 I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。 ② should + 完成式, 指过去。如： I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。 I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情。 宾语从句中的虚拟语气 1. 英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 等表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，即归纳为“一个坚持(insist)、两个命令(order, command)、三个建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四个要求(demand, require, request, ask)”，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。如： The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。 The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。 【注】当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如： Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。 His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。 2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词。如： Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？ Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？ 3. 英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚