过去完成时态学案.doc

初中英语语法梳理和提高 过去完成时态学案（讲解 试题） 　　要掌握好英语过去完成时，最关键的一点是要掌握它的含义。现在很多的文章在讲解过去完成时的时候，都用了一句流行的说法，叫“过去的过去”。虽然这样的概括点明了过去完成时的要点，但究竟什么才叫“过去的过去”呢？如果不搞清它的含义，只是去记住什么时间状语(如：before, by, until , when, after等)，或者记住哪些动词常用于过去完成时等等，是不能很好掌握过去完成时的。   一、重点   英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成时呢？要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B两个事件几乎是同时发生的，那就用一般过去时；但是，如果A、B两个事件不是同时发生的，怎么办呢？那就是：哪个事件先发生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件后发生，就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中，如果A事件先发生，A就用过去完成时；如果B事件先发生，B就用过去完成时；而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。   请看例句：   ［例1］She said (that) she had never been to Paris.［例2］When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.［例3］We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.［例4］Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. ［例5］The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.   在上面的五个例子中，我们只要稍微分析一下，就可以发现：每个例子讲述的内容中，都包含着两个(或以上)在过去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后发生的：［例1］……said…… had never been to  (先没有“去”，后“说”)［例2］……arrived……had run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”)［例3］…… had hoped ……would come……didn't (先“希望”，后才发生“没去”)［例4］……was disappointed……had left ……arrived (先“离开”，后“到达”和“失望”)［例5］……were writing……went ……had left  (先“离开”，后“到”和“写”)   二、难点   过去完成时的难点在于：有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件，因此无法比较两个事件的先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢？请看下面的例句：   ［例1］By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.　实际上，在上面的例句中，仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过，这次不是A、B两件事件的先后，而是有两个过去时间的“先、后”关系。   首先，句子中有个明确的过去时间点：12岁。说他“12岁”，显然是过去式。那么，紧接着说“他已经开始谋生了”，这个“谋生”是发生在“12岁”时，还是“12岁”前，还是“12岁”后？答案是肯定的：他的“谋生”发生在“12岁”之前!也就是说，“12岁”已经是一般过去时，而在“12岁”之前发生的事，当然是过去完成时。所以，在那么多表示时间状语的词中，大家要特别注意By、Until等的用法。可以说，在讲述过去的事件中，如果出现By……时间状语，很有可能要用过去完成时了。(当然，我说的是很有可能。)   类似的时间表达方式还有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了过去完成时的基本含义，不管句子怎么变化，应该没有多大的问题。例如：   ［例2］Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month.   此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点"then"(那时)，而"hadn't heard"发生在then之前(包括then)。所以此句用的是过去完成时。   再举两个例子，请大家自己分析：［例3］We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.［例4］I waited until he had finished his homework.［例5］We had got to the station before 10:00. 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 　　1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing. 　　A. studied, had gone     B. had studied, went 　　C. has studied, goes      D. had studied, had gone 　　解析："他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 "。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。 　　2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink. 　　A. enjoyed     B. was enjoying   C. had enjoyed   D. would enjoy 解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。 　　3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months. 　　A. has been in    B. had been in   C. had been to   D. had gone to 　　解析："小培说她去了海南三个月 "。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B. 　　时态综合例题解析： 　　１--What are Mr and Mrs Black doing ? 　　---They _____ tea in the garden.                　　 A. are drinking    B. drank    C. have drunk     D. drink 　　2. My mother often asks me _____early .            　　 A. get up   B. got up    C. getting up     D. to get up 　　3. Soon Wu Dong ____ up with Li Lei, then they were neck and neck.   　　 A. taught    B. caught    C. bought    D. brought 　　4. The car ____and stopped at the red traffic light.     　 　　 A. got on    B. got off   C. slowed down   D. picked up 　　5. Tom ____ the CD player for two weeks.              　　 A. has lent    B. has borrowed    C. has bought     D. has had 　　6. ---Do you know ______? 　　 ---Sorry, but if he _____ back, I ____ you know as soon as possible.   　　 A. when will he be back, comes, will let       B. when he will be back, will come, will let 　　   C. what time will he be back, will come, let    D. what time he will be back, comes, will let 　　7. We ____ to the park if it is fine tomorrow. A. will go   B. have gone    C. go 　　8. A new shoe factory will ______ in this part of the city.   　　 A. be building    B. be built    C. build 　　9. ---______ all your things, Tom! I hate them here and there. 　　 ---Ok, Mom. 　　 A. Put up     B. Put on   C. Put down   D. Put away 　　10. --- How about going hiking this weekend?      　　   --- Sorry, I prefer ____ rather than _____. 　　   A. to stay at home, go out      B. to go out, stay at home 　　   C. staying at home, go out     D. going out, stay at home 　　解析： 　　1.根据问句的时态现在进行时，答句时态要一致，故选答案: A 　　 2.根据句中的谓语动词ask的固定搭配 ask sb to do sth. 故答案：D 　　 3.根据第一句的固定动词词组 catch up with sb 及第二句的过去时态，故选答案: B 　　 4.此题主要考查四个动词词组的掌握.根据后半句在红灯时停下来,故选答案: C 　　 5.此题主要考查现在完成时的延续和非延续动词，根据for two weeks 时间短语。故选答案: C 　　 6.此题主要考查宾语丛句和状语丛句的习惯用法。第一句是特殊疑问句的宾语丛句，要用陈述句语序。第二句是if 条件句。丛句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。故选答案：B 　　 7.此题考查if 条件句的主句时态，要用一般将来时，故选答案； A 　　 8.此题考查语态。根据全句的意思，使用被动语态。故选答案： B 　　 9.此题考查四个动词词组put up ,张贴，举起; put on 穿上，上演； put away 把---收拾好。 根据后半句"我讨厌到处乱放"， 故选答案: D 10.此题主要考查一个固定词组：prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 故选答案：C. 　　练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ 　　一、选择最佳答案填空(动词及搭配)： 　　1. A policeman saw two thieves ______a girl's mobile phone on the bus and hecaught them at once. 　　A. to steal    B. stealing    C. stole     D. stolen 　　2. The Chinese pingpong players will join in the match.Let's ______them success. 　　A. wish     B.to wish    C.hope     D.to hope 　　3. He is so careless that he always ______his school things at home. 　　A. forgets    B.forgot    C.leaves    D.left 　　4. ----Who ______the computer? I want to use it. 　　   ----Timmy. He ______ it for a week. 　　A. borrowed, has borrowed    B.has borrowed, bought 　　C.has borrowed, has kept    D.bought, has borrowed 　　5. Look! One of the girls ______the door. 　　A. cleans    B.is cleaning C.clean    D.are cleaning 　　6. If you don't feel well, you may just ______. 　　stopped reading    B.stop reading    C.stopped to read D.stop to read 　　7. ----Where can we get a baseball? 　　   ----Let's ______. 　　A. lend Jim one      B.lend one to Jim 　　C.borrow one from Jim     D.borrow one of Jim 8. ----My model ship doesn't work. 　　   ----Don't worry. I'll have it ______this afternoon. 　　A. repairing    B.made    C.repaired    D.mend 　　9. You ______wash your hands before meals. 　　A. need     B.must     C.can     D.may 　　10. Will you ______the light? It's dark in the room. 　　A. get on     B.get off    C.trun on    D.turn off 　　11. My name is Zhang Mingjian. You may ______me Zhang Mingjian or Mr Zhang. 　　A. ask      B.say     C.tell     D.call 　　12. There is going to ______a game in our school this afternoon. 　　A. has      B.have     C.be     D.are 　　13. You'd better______smoking. It's bad for your health. 　　A. eat up     B.give up    C.come up    D.get up 　　14. ----How do you like this book? 　　   ----I think it has nothing to______with our study. 　　A. make     B.do     C.take     D.hold 　　15. ----Where is Mr Brown? I have some questions to