2023年初中英语语法之动词类型及相关考点分析
动词的类型
1. 及物动词这类动词后边要跟宾语。She teaches English. 她教英语。People love her. 人们都喜欢她。
2. 不及物动词这类动词后边不跟宾语。He arrived late this morning. 他今天早上迟到了。Her parents died in an accident when she was six. 她6岁时双亲在一次车祸中丧生。
注: 在英语中,不少动词既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词。
3. 双宾动词有些动词可以跟两个宾语,一个为间接宾语,另一个为直接宾语。Please give me a pen. 请给我一支笔。He owed me 10 dollars. 他欠我10美元。
4. 系动词系动词在句中连接主语和表语。常见的系动词有下面这些:appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, rest, run, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
1) 系动词所连接的表语可以是形容词,名(代)词,数词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词或表语从句。(详细可参见“表语”一章)。The dish smells good. 这盘菜闻起来不错。(形容词作表语)It is a long wait in the dark. 在黑暗中他们等了很长一段时间。(名词作表语)The atomic weight of oxygen is sixteen. 氧的原子量是16. (数词作表语)I am not sure if he is around. 我不清楚他是否在附近。 (副词作表语)He's still in danger. 他仍在危险期。(介词短语作表语)His wish was to become a scientist. 他的愿望是当一名科学家。 (不定式作表语)Her hobby is growing roses. 她的爱好是种玫瑰花。(动名词作表语)What he said was very encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人心。(现在分词作表语)Please remain seated. 请不要站起来。(过去分词作表语)The truth is that he was very shy. 事实是他很害羞。(表语从句)
2) “主语 + 系动词 + 形容词 + 介词短语” 结构这种结构很常用, “be + 形容词 + 介词”这一结构有不少已成为习惯用语。
We are proud of our new club. 我们以我们的新会所为荣。I am afraid of disturbing you. 我怕打搅了你。He was not interested in that story. 他对那个故事不感兴趣。The country is short of skilled labor. 这个国家缺乏熟练工人。He was worried about her health. 他担心她的健康。
“主语 + 系动词 + 形容词 + 从句” 结构I am afraid that it may hurt you. 我恐怕这会使你感到伤心。She was glad that Joanna was going away. 乔安娜要走了,这使她很开心。Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year. 我们足球队为今年每次比赛都获胜而感到自豪。I am not clear when he will come. 我不清楚他什么时候会来。They were uncertain whether they could find time to do it. 他们不确定的他们是否能找到时间来做这个。I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不知道我该做什么。
及物动词和不及物动词
1) 及物动词a) 及物动词即是后边需要跟宾语的动词。这是因为及物动词语法意义上不完整,后边需要接宾语作为动作的接受者。We couldn't find a place to park. 我们找不到停车的地方。You’d better hire someone to oversee the project. 你最好聘一个人监督这个项目。
b) 及物动词通常可用于 HYPERLINK "http://www.en998.com/g/pv" 被动语态Over 1000 cars are produced in this factory every month. 这个工厂每月生产超过1000辆汽车。Extra workers were employed by the store during Christmas time. 圣诞期间店里额外聘了一些工作人员。
c) 及物动词可以与 HYPERLINK "http://www.en998.com/g/prep" 介词短语连用, 这种情况很常见,如: assign…to…, provide….with…等。The manager has assigned their best man to the job. 经理派了最合适的人选做这项工作。The firm has provided me with a car. 公司已为我提供了一辆汽车。
2) 不及物动词a) 不及物动词后边不跟宾语,因为这类动词在语法意义上是完整的,不涉及到动作的接受者。由于不及物动词没有宾语,因此也就没有被动语态。Our love will never die. 我们的爱将永不止息。I just came back last Sunday. 我上周日才回来。
b) 相当一部分不及物动词可与介词连用构成动词短语,使其具有了及物动词的特征。They finally arrived at an agreement after a long discussion. 经过长时间讨论之后他们最终达成了协议。Please don’t refer to that matter again. 请不要再提这件事。
[注] 这种情况下动词短语可以有被动语态,如:The new legislation will need to be looked at. 新法规还需要进一步研究。
3) 注意英语中一些动词既可做及物动词,也可以做不及物动词 (如 survive),而且有时同一个动词的及物动词与不及物动词的意思是不同的(如apply)。所以在学习英语动词时,单单记住其意思是不够的,还需要记住该意思的用法。No one survived in the air crash. 没有人在这起空难中存活。He was the only one who survived the earthquake. 他是地震中唯一一个生存者。 We should apply this job immediately. 我们要立即申请这份工作。These rules don't always apply. 这些规则并非总能行得通。
4) 及物词和不及物动词后都可以跟 HYPERLINK "http://www.en998.com/g/inf" 不定式结构。I don’t want to bother you. 我并不想麻烦你。Several mobile firms are competing to