2023年中考英语语法笔记：介词与连词.doc

介词 (preposition) 一．概念理解：介词在句中表示某个名词或代词与其它词之间的关系。英语中常用prep.来表示。 二．句法功能： A. 介词是虚词，不能单独充当句子的一个语法成分，一般用在名词、代词宾格或动名词的前面，与之 一起构成介词短语。介词短语可以在句子中充当一个语法成分，一般用作表语、主语或宾语的补足 语、定语或状语，表示时间、地点、方式、原因、伴随状态等。 例：1. Thanks to the doctor, the old man is in good health now. (表语) 2. He left the little boy at the hotel last night. (宾语补足语) 3. The girl in a white hat is my younger sister. (定语) 4. The teacher came in a hurry, with a book under his arm. (前者为方式状语，后者为伴随状语) B. 介词也可与动词搭配构成短语动词 (亦称为动词短语)，还可以与表语形容词搭配成短语作谓语使用。 例：1. Dick looked for his book everywhere. 2. Are you interested in skating? 三．介词种类： 1. 简单介词： about, above, across, after, against, along, around, as, at, before, behind, before, below, beside, besides, between, beyond，but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, minus, near, of, off, on, past, plus, round, since, than, through, till, to, toward(s), under, unlike, until, up, with, worth 等。 2. 合成介词：inside, outside, into, onto, out of, upon, without, within, throughout 等。 3. 带 –ing形式介词：concerning（关于），considering（考虑到），excepting（除…之外），failing（如 没有…，如不到），following（在…之后，经过），including（包含，包括），regarding（关于）等。 4. 成语/短语介词：according to, ahead of, because of, by means of, except for, in front of, in place of, due to, instead of, next to, together / along with, up to, in spite of, in addition to等。 四．介词短语的作用： 介词+名词/代词/动名词，形成介词短语，可作表语、补足语、定语或状语。 A. 表语 例：1. They look like tour guides. 2. The little girl is afraid of dogs. B. 补足语 例：1. The farmers were helped with their rice harvest. (被动语态中，作主语补足语) 2. The farmer made the king out of the water. (主动语态中，作宾语补足语) C. 定语（介词短语作定语一定后置） 例：1. The woman with three children is a famous singer. 2. The building next to the school looks very modern and luxurious. D. 状语（修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句） 例：1. I shall meet you at the school gate on the morning of May 1st. (地点状语；时间状语) 2. To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls. (原因状语) The tall man was wild with joy. Thank you for helping me a lot with my study. 3. Without the help of my teacher, I won’t pass the exam. (条件状语) 4. Can you work out the problems in different ways? (方式状语) 5. The singer appeared with a crowd of guards around her. (伴随状语) 五．动词短语的作用： 介词和动词、形容词或名词结合形成动词短语，在句中作谓语。 A. 动词+介词： laugh at, look at, arrive in / at, point at / to, shout at / to, take part in, do well in, join in, think about, worry about, talk about, look about/around, look for, wait for, pay for, look over, look after, hear of, think of, look out of, take care of, play with, agree with, talk with / to, go on with, catch up with, help --- with, get on/along --- with, look like, hear from, come from, stop --- from---, listen to, get to, agree to, move to, tie --- to ---, prefer--- to ---, fall behind, knock at / on 等。 B. be + 形容词 + 介词： 1. be careful (anxious, sure, worried, amazed, etc.) about 2. be good (angry, surprised, pleased, amazed, clever, quick) at 3. be famous (ready, anxious, known, hungry, necessary, sorry, responsible, late, short, etc.) for 4. be different (absent, safe, etc.) from 5. be successful (interested, expert, disappointed, experienced, etc.) in 6. be proud (worthy, sick, tired, afraid, short, fond, full, certain, sure, etc.) of 7. be similar (familiar, equal, used, married, good, nice, kind, etc.) to 8. be pleased (angry, busy, crowded, popular, satisfied, etc.) with 9. be famous (known, well-known, etc.) as C. 名词 + 介词： have a talk / word with, do business with, get into trouble with, an answer to, a key to, pay attention to, a talk on, the cause of, the reason for, make up an excuse for, a habit of, have some difficulties in, make great progress in, 六．固定短语 at the moment, at this time, at a time, at last, at once, at times, at first, at least, at most, at the bottom, by air, little by little, day after day, face to face, hand in hand, from time to time, the day before/yesterday, the day after tomorrow, for short, in fact, in turns, in need of, on time, in time, on the way to, by the way, in a way, on business, under discussion, out of control, out of breath, out of danger, out of work, on duty, on fire, in a hurry, on foot, on top of ---, on sale, in all, in danger, in fact, in order to, in other words, in the end, in the daytime, in turn, in addition to等等。 七．重点词汇辨析 A. 介词与介词短语： 1．in front of, in the front (of) 与at the front (of) in front of在------(在某范围以外) 前面 There is a tree in front of the house. in the front of 在------(在某范围以内) 前部There is a big desk in the front of the classroom. at the front of 在------前部，与in the front of同义 at强调“前部的某一点” in强调在…范围的前部 There is a man boating at the front of the boat. 2．near, close 与by near 意思较含糊，有时表相当一段距离。close表在可接触范围内。by比near更近。 Don’t go near (to) the edge of the cliff(山崖). He sits close to me. She’s standing by the window. 3．in the east of --- 在------的东部 （范围内） Shanghai is in the east of China. on the east of --- 在------的东面 （范围外但接壤） Shandong lies on the east of Hebei. to the east of --- 在------的东面（范围外且有相隔地带）Japan is to the east of China. 4．after与behind 二者都可以作介词，表时间和地点。 A. 在表时间上，after意为“在某个特定时间或一段时间后”；而behind指“迟于一定的时间”，如与the times 连用，则指落后于时代。 They were very pleased (高兴) to meet after such a long separation (分别). He came back after 5 o’clock in the afternoon. The train is behind its time. (误点) He is behind the times. B. 在表地点上，after指顺序的先后，behind指位置的先后。 He’ll come after you. He stood behind you. 5．across与through across prep. / adv.介词/副词“横/穿过”(强调动作在物体表面横/跨过) A little boy is running across the road before the heavy traffic. (介词) China has built the Great Green Wall across the northern part of the country. The river is so wide, can you swim across?(副词) The shoe store is across from the bookstore.(鞋店在书店的对面) (副词) through prep. / adv. 介词/副词“穿过”(表示从事物的中间穿过) A tunnel goes through a mountain. He is looking through the window. (介词) The guard didn’t let us through. (副词) 6．over, on与above over “在------的正上方”，强调垂直关系(反义词under)。There is a bridge over the river. on“在------上面”，强调表面相接触(反义词under)。 The book is on the table. above“在上方；但不一定是正上方”(反义词below)。The plane is flying above the clouds. 7．beyond 用法： ①prep. (表位置)在------的那边，远于He came from beyond the sea (海外). (表时间)迟于------ He came here beyond nine o’clock. (表范围、限度)超出 Some spacecraft have gone beyond the solar system. (常用于问、否句)除------以外 I can’t tell you anything beyond what you know. ②adv. (在或向远处) Look beyond, you’ll get a good view from here. 8．between 与among between 一般表示在两者之间；或者用来指在三者或多者之间一方与其他诸方各自每两者之间的关系。常以between--- and---短语形式出现。 There is a bridge between the two villages. I sit between LiLei and Jim. We should build friendship between countries (各国之间). among 往往强调在多者中(同类人或事物)，常与复数或集体名词连用，有时相当于of。 He is the tallest players among us. I live among the mountains. Among the blind the one-eyed man is king. 9．on/at the corner与in the corner on the corner “在转角处”，美式英语的用法。a