2023年中考英语语法笔记：代词.doc

代词(Pronoun) 一．概念理解： 代词是代替名词、名词短语或数词的词，具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中用pron.表示。 二．代词的种类：人称、物主、反身、指示、不定、相互、疑问和关系代词八类 (一)人称代词的用法： *人称代词有人称、数、格和性的变化。 数 单数 单数 复数 复数 格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her it it he,him为阳性,she,her为阴性，it为中性。 A.主格用法： 1．一般来说，人称代词的主格在句中做主语。 例：I like English. 2．有时在叙述故事时常将动物人格化，可爱、美丽的动物用she来表示，凶猛的动物用he或it表示。 　例：Tom has a lovely cat.She is his favourite. 表示船只、祖国、大地、月亮等时常用代词she。 例：China is our motherland.She is getting richer and stronger. 当几个不同的人称代词做主语时，常用and或or连接，其排列顺序是： 单数人称代词常按第二、三、一人称的顺序：you,he/she and I; you and I; you and he/she 例：You,she and I will go there by air. 注意：在承担责任或检讨时，通常把第一人称代词I 放在句首。 例：-Who ate my apples? -I and Lucy. 复数人称代词常按第一、二、三人称的顺序：we,you and they; we and you/they; you and they 例：We,you and they like swimming. 注意：we,you, they有时在句中并非特定的人，译成汉语是不必译为原意。 例：They speak English in America. We had a heavy snow last year. 注意：人称代词主格可用作表语，主要用在强调句型“It+be+强调部分+that从句”和口语中。 例：1.It is he that told me about it. 2.- Who broke the glass? –It’s her/she. B．宾格用法： 1．人称代词宾格一般用作及物动词或短语的宾语： 例：Mrs Zhao teaches us English. Please write them down.(代词作宾语需在“动词+副词”构成的短语中间) 注意：介词后面只能接人称代词宾格，不能用主格。 例：1.There is a chair between you and me. 2.It is impossible for him to finish the work without our help. 2．人称代词宾格还可用作表语： 例：-Who is knocking at the door? –It’s me. 3．人称代词it的特殊用法： a.打电话时用于指人： Hello,it is Jackson. b.代替小孩或婴儿： She was holding a baby in her arms and it was crying. c.指不清楚性别等信息的人：-Who is singing over there?-It must be Mary. d.指时间、天气和距离等：The radio says,it’s going to rain today. e.代替提到过的人或事物：Your bag is very nice.Where did you buy it? 注意：但one用于指代同类（避免重复）人或事物：Your bag is very nice,I want to buy one,too. f.用在强调句型中：It was last night that I got an e-mail from my friend. g.用作形式主语或宾语：It is very difficult for me to learn English well. I find it very difficult for me to learn English well. （二）物主代词的用法： **表示所有关系的代词，也叫代词所有格。 数 单数 单数 单数 复数 复数 复数 人称 I II III I II III 形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their 名 词 性物主代词 mine yours His/hers/its ours yours theirs A.形容词性物主代词的用法： 具有形容词的特性，在句中作定语，后面接名词或动名词。不能单独使用，其前后也不能接定冠词the. 例：This is his book,and that is my book. B.名词性物主代词的用法： 具有名词的特性，在句中可做主语、宾语、表语，还可构成“---of---”句型（在此句型中，名词性物主代词在句中作定语） 例：1.（主语）This isn’t my book.Mine is in that bag. 2.（表语）The bike under the tree isn’t hers.It’s his. 3.（宾语）I can’t find my pen.Can I borrow yours? 4.（定语）He is an old friend of mine.(=He is one of my old friends.) （三）反身代词的用法 用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词或自身代词。 数 人称 I II III 单数 myself Yourself himself herself itself 复数 ourselves Yourselves themselves 反身代词常用作宾语、主语或宾语的同位语，有时还可作为表语。 A.作宾语（反射作用）： 例：1. Did you teach yourself English? 2. I enjoyed myself during the summer holiday. 3. We must be strict with ourselves. B.作同位语（表示“亲自或本人”起加强语气的作用，在句中的位置较灵活） 例：1. I myself went to post the letter. = I went to post the letter myself.(亲自) 2. I’ll write to your father himself.(本人) C.作表语（常与系动词连用，表示或描述一种感觉、情绪或状态） 例：I don’t know what’s wrong with me.I’m not myself today.(感到不舒服) 注意：1.不接反身代词的动词：get up,stand up,wake up等。 2.注意习惯用语：help oneself (to sth.) （请随便吃---） Make yourself at home.（别客气）等。 例：1).Help yourselves to some grapes,Children! 2).I’ll do my best so that I can make myself understood.  3.by oneself (独自地),of oneself (自动地) 例：1).I can’t leave my little sister at home by herself because she is only 5. 2).Suddenly the door opened of itself and out came an old man. D.常用表达法（注意人称、数和性的一致性）： teach oneself---(自学---)=learn---by oneself；enjoy oneself(过得愉快)=have a good time；help oneself to sth；say to oneself(自言自语)；hurt oneself；dress oneself等。 （四）指示代词的用法： 用来表示“这/那个，这/哪些”等概念的代词称为指示代词。 A. 基本用法：this/that代替单数或不可数的人或物，these/those代替复数的人或物。他们在句做主语、 宾语、定语或表语。 例：1.This is a pen,that’s a penci l.(主语) 2.Those apples in the bag are good.(定语) 3.I don’t want this,I want that.(宾语) 4.What I want to tell you is this. (表语) B.特殊用法：1.this和these指空间或时间上接近的人或物，而that和those指较远的人或物。 2.that和those/the ones可用来指前面说过或已做过的事物，以免重复。 例：1)That’s why we are learning English in China 2)The TV sets made in China are as good as those made in America 3)The weather in Shanghai is much warmer than that in Beijing. 4)The population of China is larger than that of Japan C.same与such用法： same表示“同样”，指同样人或事，前须加the，作主语/宾语/表语和定语。 例：1）The twins look the same .(表) 2）Thank you all the same.(状) 3）That is the same pen as I lost. (定) such 表示“这样”，常做主语或定语，作定语时，所修饰的名词前如有a/an,置其后。 例：1）Such is your plan for the coming holiday.(主) 2）I have never seen such a nice film.(定) 3）I have such good classmates that I am proud of them（定） 注意1.such…that…(如此…以致…),such as…(诸如…),such…as…(像…那样) 例：1)She has many kinds of fruit such as apples ,grapes and so on .2)He is such a person as I spoke of. 2.such与no ,all ,these ,those以及基数词连用时，such放在他们的后面。 例: 1)We have three such cars. 2) All such exercises must be done at once. 比较：There is such a good person here. （这儿有这样一位好人） There is no such a good person here. （这儿绝没有如此好的人） （五）不定代词的用法： 不指明代替任何特定名词的代词称为不定代词。通常用作替代词。常为：all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every分别与one, body,thing组合成的复合词。作用相当于名词或形容词，作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 A. all的用法： “所有”，表三个或更多人或物“都”，可做主、宾、表、定、同位语等。当其指复数名词时，谓语用复数；指不可数名词时，谓语用单数。 例：1.All children are interested in learning English. (形容词作定语) 2.All of the children are interested in learning English.（代词作主语） 3.He wants to tell me all about it. （代词作宾语） 4.Is that all you can help me? （代词作表语） 注：1).all作为同位语，通常位于行为动词前，be动词、助动词或情态动词后。 例:1.We all want to help him.2.The presents are all for the girl.3.They are all working. 2).all 与not连用是表示部分否定。 例：Not all the students want to go there.=All the students don’t want to go there. 而表示全部否定，需用No one…或None of…结构。 例：None of the students want/wants to go there.(谓语动词用单、复数形式都可) 3)当all作主语时，如后跟人称代词，需用of+宾格；如后跟带the的名词，可接of结构，也可不用。 例： 1).All of us are from Tianjin. 2).All of the boys/All the boys have gone to visit the museum. 4)当all作人称代词宾格的同位语时，all紧跟在宾语后面。 例：I think one Christmas card for us all is good. 注：both意为“两者都”，表两个人或物“都”，用法与all几乎一致。但完全否定句用Neither of…类型. 例:1).They are both girls.(全肯) 2)Both of them aren’t girls.(部分否) 3)Neither of them is a girl.(全否) B. none, nobody与no one的用法： none即可指代人，也可指代事物，表示“没有一个人/东西”，作主/宾语等。后面可跟of短语。作主语时，如其指代的是复数名词，谓语用单、复数都行（强调整体时谓语常用复数；强调个体时则常用单数）；如其指代的是不可数名词，谓语用单数形式。常用来回答how many或how much以及特定范围的问题。 例：1.-How many of the women are nurses? –None(of them is/are). （主语） 2.-How much water is left in the bottle? –None(of it is). （主语） 3.-Which of the boys plays football well? –None(of them does). （主语） 4.Are there any students in the classroom?-None. （主语） 5.I understood none of the questions. （宾语） 6.None of us like/likes it. （主语） nobody和no one都指代人，做主语时，谓语用单数，后面不跟of短语。常回答who和不确定的问题，在句中做主语或宾语。 例：1.Luckily,nobody/no one was hurt in this accident. （主语） 2.-Who went to the zoo last week?. –Nobody/No one (did). （主语） 3.I can see nobody in the room. （宾语） C. each 与every的用法： each和every都意为“每一个”，但两者用法不同。ea