2023年中考英语语法笔记：形容词与副词.doc

形容词(Adjective) 一．概念理解：用来修饰或描写名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态的词，称为形容词，英语中常用adj,表示。 二．形容词的句法功能：形容词可在句中作定语、表语或宾/主语补足语等。 例：1).Beijing is a beautiful city.(定语) 2).I’m very glad to meet you.(表语) 3).We felt very excited at the exciting news.(表语；定语) 4).The news made us happy. Who left the door open? We found it very interesting to read English novels. (宾语补足语) 5).They were made angry by what he said. (主语补足语) ** “the+形容词”表一类人或事物，可作主语或宾语 例：1).The rich must help the poor. 2).The young have different ideas on it from the old. 注意：1.少数形容词，如：little, live [laiv](活的), elder, eldest,only,wooden,woolen等以及复合形容词 (English-speaking,kind-hearted,man-made,take-away)等只能作定语，不能做表语。 例：1) It’s a nice little house.不说The house is little.但可说The house is small. 2) Although old, he is still very much alive.(不用live) 3) My brother is three years older than me.(不用elder) 4) His eldest brother is a famous doctor.(不用oldest) 5) New Zealand is an English-speaking country. 2.少数形容词：afraid,awake,asleep,alive,alike,alone,ill,well,worth,glad,unable等只作表语，不做定语。 例：1).Don’t be afraid. 2).The twins are alike. 3).He is awake to the difficulty. 4).She is ill (sick). 5).This book is (well) worth reading.(不可用very,而用well修饰) 6).He is alone at home, but he never feels lonely. 注意：可说She ‘s a sick woman.而不能说She’s an ill woman. 三．1.形容词在句子中的位置： 作定语时，一般放在所修饰的名词之前。如有两个以上的形容词修饰名词时，先后位置由他们和被 修饰的名词的关系密切程度而定。一般，关系最密切者最靠近名词： 例：1).She is a clever girl. 2).It’s a high and modern building. 2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some, any, every, no等构成的不定代词时，要放在其后： 例：1) I have something new to tell you.2)We asked someone friendly for help. 表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词后修饰： 例：1).The street is 35 metres wide. 2).a hole 10 metres deep *** 注意：也可用 a 35-metre-wide street a 21-year-old man的表达形式 注意：below, above, nearby, else, alone等形容词作定语时，一般放在被修饰词的后面： 例：1)They saw the girl crying on the chair below.2)He works in the factory nearby . 3.用在宾语后面做宾语补足语： 例：1).We must keep our classroom clean. 2).I think it difficult to study physics. 4. enough和possible等词，既可放在名词前，又可放在名词后： 例：We have enough time/time enough to do the work. 5.作表语放在系动词后： 例：He is alone at home,but he doesn’t feel lonely. 注意：friendly,lovely,lonely,well(身体好)等常为形容词而非副词。 四．形容词的排列顺序： 当有一个以上的名词修饰语时，往往有较固定的次序。限定词一般放在首位，其它修饰语则常根据其与名词的亲疏关系依次排列。 例：1).a weak small old man (冠词+描绘形容词+特征形容词) 2).a tall clever young Chinese soldier(冠+描绘+特征+专有+名词) 注意：修饰名次的词语次序大致为： 限定词-------数词------描绘形容词------特征形容词------颜色--- ---类属 --- ---用途 +名词 (冠/代等) (短前长后) (大小形状新旧年龄等) (专有或材质)(含动名词) the last four beautiful big new blue Spanish wooden houses 五．形容词比较等级的构成与用法： 1.(1)规则变化： 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词末尾加-er [ə ], -est [ist] hard harder hardest 以不发音e结尾单音节词加-r,-st large larger largest 重读闭音节词，仅一辅音字母结尾的，双写再加-er,-est hot thin hotter thinner hottest thinnest “辅音字母+y”结尾双音节词， 变y为i，再加-er, -est happy early happier earlier happiest earliest 多音节和大部分双音节词，在原级前加more,most或less,least exciting difficult more exciting more difficult most exciting most difficult 注：1) 以y结尾的独立词根词，变y：dry, easy, early, hungry, angry等。 以y结尾的派生词，前面加more或most：slowly, quickly, 等。 2）有些单音节词比较等级常用more和most，如glad, fond, shy(或shyer, shier; shyest, shiest), like，tired; 有些单音节词则用-er和-est或more和most皆可, 如free, clear. 有些双音节词亦如此，如secure, cruel, pretty, lively等(real只可用more和most)。 ※ 当代英语似有多用more和most的趋势。 (2)不规则变化： 原级 比较级 最高级 good / well(健康的) better best bad / ill worse worst many(可数)/much(不可数) more most little less least far farther(距离) / further(程度) farthet / furthest old older(新旧长幼) / elder(血缘长幼) oldest / eldest 2.(1)原级的用法： A.一般陈述或由very, quite, too, rather, so, pretty等表程度的副词修饰。 注意：quite / rather / such + a / an + adj. +n. 的结构。 B.两者比较，程度相等，即“A和B一样”(A=B)，用： 1)as+原级形容词+as I think science is as important as maths. 2)as+原级形容词+a/an+名(单)+as John is as clever a boy as Jack. 3)as +many/few/much/little+名(复数/不可数)+as Is there as much water in this glass as in that one? C.表示两者不同，即“A不如B”(A