专题1 定语从句 知识点.doc

定语从句 1．定义：一个句子充当定语。其功能相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。 2．位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。 Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please. 3．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。 先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some­，any­，every­和no­与­body，­thing的合成词；或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。 4．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。 关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等 关系副词：when，where，why等 5．确定关系词的步骤： (1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。 (2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。 (1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. (2)关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 There are many places we can visit (them) in China. 6．在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which： (1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 (2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few等修饰时。 (3)先行词为all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代词时。 (4)先行词中既有人又有物时。 He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus. (5)先行词在主句中作表语时。 The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. (6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。 Which are the books that you bought for me? 7．宜用which而不用that的情况： (1)在非限制性定语从句中。 (2)在关系词前有介词时。 (3)当先行词本身是that时。 (4)关系词后有插入语时。 8．关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词。 (1)当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。 (2)先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等词时，关系词用who。 (3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。 Who is that girl that is standing by the window? (4)whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。 9．whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。 Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving? There is a room，whose window faces the river. 10．关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 (1)先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many(much)中，从句都用as 引导。 Such books as you bought are useful. The school is just the same as it was 10 years ago. 注意：①such...that...引导结果状语从句。如：They are such lovely children that we love them much。②the same...that...引导定语从句。如：I want to use the same tool that you used just now. (2)无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。 区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。 He didn’t pass the exam，as we had expected. There is lots of air in loose snow，which can keep the cold out. As is known，the earth is round. 11．关系副词when与where，why，that when 指时间＝in/at/on/during which where指地点＝in/at/from which why指原因＝for which that可以用 HYPERLINK "http://www.21cnjy.com" 于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when，where，why和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为the way，the time，the day，the place等，在口语中that常被省略。 I don’t like the way (that/in which) he talks. This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French. 12．必须注意的问题： (1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 (2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。 ①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 ②强调句中it无意义，that/who不是引导词。 ③去掉it is/was和that/who后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句) (3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 ①定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。 ②同位语从句的引导词被叫作连接词，that不充当任何成分，不可省。 Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句) We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句) (4)关系词在从句中省略的情况。 ①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 ②关系词作表语。 (5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。 (6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：