英语专业毕业论文：在“面子”感知中国人与西方人之间的人际关系的差异.wpt

 本科毕业论文 院 系： 外 语 学 院 专 业： 英 语 班 级： 2007 级3班 作 者： 指导教师： 完成时间： 2011 年 5 月 Acknowledgements This paper, which is my graduate thesis, could not have been written without the support of a number of people. I would like to express my gratitude to them all. My sincere gratitude first and foremost goes to Miss. Gong Jiangping, my supervisor who was very helpful and spared a lot of her precious time, for her extraordinary and scholarly suggestions, patient supervision, and invaluable corrections with my thesis writing. Words are not enough to express my sincere thanks for her assistance in guiding the research. Without her encouragement and patient guidance, this thesis would not have reached its present form. Secondly, I am also greatly indebted to my teachers such as Miss. Jin Zhe and Miss. Wei Na for their careful instruction and encouragement and care for me all through these four years of study. The benefits that I have gained from their profound knowledge, remarkable expertise and intellectual ingenuity will be of everlasting significance to my future research. Thirdly, I am extremely grateful to all the other teachers who have taught me during my study in Tibet University for Nationalities. My sincere thanks also go to my dear classmates, who have given me such help and support in my life and study all these years. Last but not least, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my parents and my friends for their love and support which I will cherish forever in my life. Without the necessary help of the above-mentioned people and any others whom I may have failed to mention, this paper could never have been duly completed. On the Differences of Human Relations between Chinese and Westerners by “Face” Perception Abstract: Due to different geographical environment, historical background and developing process, Chinese and westerners have formed different “face” perceptions. As an essential culture feature, “face” culture actually is a reflection of people’s attitude towards communication. It is also called human relations. This paper tends to interpret different human relations between Chinese and westerners by “face” perception. It offers Chinese and western different definitions of human relations, focusing on the different Chinese and westerners’ “face” perception. Chinese “face” perception is dominated by collectivism and emphasizes the maintenance of other-face. Westerners’ “face” perception is dominated by individualism and emphasizes the maintenance of self-face. Moreover, four different human relations are used to elaborate different “face” perception between Chinese and westerners. With the knowledge of the real meaning of “face”, more and more people can act properly in intercultural communication. Key Words: human relations, “face” perception, Chinese, westerners Table of Contents Ⅰ. Introduction 1 Ⅱ. Different Chinese and Western “Face” Perceptions 1 2.1. Chinese “Face” Perception 2 2.2. Western “Face” Perception 2 Ⅲ. Different Human Relations Reflected through “Face” Perception 3 3.1. Collectivism VS Individualism 3 3.1.1 Chinese: Paying More Attention to Collectivism 3 3.1.2 Westerners: Paying More Attention to Individualism 4 3.2. Dependence and Euphemism VS Independence and Candid 5 3.2.1 Chinese: Putting Emphasis on Dependence and Euphemism 5 3.2.2 Westerners: Putting Emphasis on Independence and Candid 5 3.3. Slow to Speak VS Quick to Speak 6 3.3.1 Chinese: Slow to Speak 6 3.3.2 Westerners: Quick to Speak 7 3.4. Self-effacing Concept VS Praising Concept 7 3.4.1 Chinese: Focusing on Self-effacing Concept 7 3.4.2 Westerners:Focusing on Praising Concept 8 IV. Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 Chinese title, abstract, keywords 10  On the Differences of Human Relations between Chinese and Westerners by “Face” Perception Ⅰ. Introduction Human relation is the communicative process between individuals. It is a mutual relationship which is born to mutual communication displayed by thoughts, emotions and behaviors. It is also the individuals’ emotional bond of relationship in communicative activities. Therefore, human relation is a topic which Chinese and westerners are both very concerned about. For this topic, Chinese and westerners make different answers. In China, the dominant theory is the Confucianism. It is to adjust and regulate the relationship between people. In some sense, it is the human relation theory in ancient China. Blood relationship and family standard consciousness are the base of the Confucian human relation theory. Emphasizing a person’s rank and status is the substantive characteristics of the Confucian human relation theory. So Chinese human relation is humanism because what they do or say are human centered. No matter Confucius of other great master, they teach us how to become a man with virtue and morality. Man is the master of himself. In the west, ancient Greece culture is the source of western culture which is based on commodity economy society. So there is a contractual relationship in western human relation. They believe that social constitution is formed according to social contract, individuals have freedom and independence. They believe in God and divine. In the eyes’ of westerners, God is superior. All of them are the chosen people by God. So all of their deeds and speeches are related to God. Ⅱ. Different Chinese and Western “Face” Perceptions Due to different historical cultural background, there is also a big difference between Chinese and western “face” perceptions. 2.1. Chinese “Face” Perception Face is an important and typical social psychological phenomenon in Chinese Culture. American missonary Arthur Henderson Smirth first discussed Chinese face culture in “Chinese Characteristics”, he thought that “Saving face is Chinese first character”. Lin Yutang, who is deeply influenced by Chinese culture, said that “Face touched on the most subtle and singularity point of Chinese social psychology , it is the most delicate standard to adjust social communication of Chinese people”. “Face” stands for reputation and status in Chinese mind, and is obtained through success and flaunt. It has equal importance to life in Chinese mind. It is an important and typical social psychological phenomenon. There are two main meanings in Chinese face perception: one is prestige and honor. The other is self-esteem and dignity. So when a person obtains social acceptance achievement through his talent, as well as social position and fame, he is thought to have the honor and “face”. In Chinese social occasions, Chinese are particular about “giving face” and avoid “losing face”. Chinese always put themselves down and raise others’ position to show their humble and modest integrity in all aspects. Even if they have to criticize other persons, they will praise them first, and then point out their shortage. They always make great efforts to saving other’s “face”. In fact, this kind of face is the role of a man in society, his recognition in group and his image in other’s eyes. 2.2. Western “Face” Perception Goffman defined “face” as people’s positive social value they have earned in social communication. This kind of v